renal, endo and histo

Question 1

describe the order of vessels entering the kidney

Answer 1

renal vein, Renal artery, renal pelvis

Question 2

coverings of the kidney

Answer 2

perinephric fat surrounds the kidneys and suprarenal glands. This is then encased is a renal fascia. External to this is the paranephric fat.

Question 3

renal arteries arise at

Answer 3

L1/L2

Question 4

which renal artery is longer?

Answer 4

right as it passes posterior to the IVC

Question 5

which renal vein is longer

Answer 5

left, passes anterior to the aorta

Question 6

location of the kidneys

Answer 6

T12-L3

Question 7

peritoneal covering of the kidney

Answer 7

retroperitoneal

Question 8

anterior relations of left kidney

Answer 8

stomach, spleen, jejunum and ascending colon

Question 9

anterior relations of right kidney

Answer 9

liver, duodenum, ascending colon

Question 10

posterior relations of the kidneys

Answer 10

quadratus lumborum, subcostal nerve, iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerves

Question 11

peritoneal covering of the ureter

Answer 11

retroperitoneal

Question 12

constrictions of the ureter

Answer 12

constrictions; junction of the ureters and renal pelves, ureter cross the brim of the pelvic inlet over the external iliac artery, and as it passes through the wall of the urinary bladder.

Question 13

trigone relations

Answer 13

angles are the ureteric orifices and internal urethral orifice.

Question 14

walls of the bladder consist of

Answer 14

detrusor muscle

Question 15

thyroid level

Answer 15

C5-T1

Question 16

thyroid is connected to what?

Answer 16

cricoid cartilage by a dense fibrous capsule

Question 17

superior thyroid artery arises from

Answer 17

external carotid

Question 18

inferior thyroid artery arises from

Answer 18

thyrocervical trunk of subclavian

Question 19

superior and middle thyroid veins drain into

Answer 19

IJV

Question 20

inferior thyroid vein drains into

Answer 20

brachiocephalic

Question 21

innervation of parathyroid and thyroid

Answer 21

cervical sympathetic ganglion

Question 22

coverings of the supra renal glands

Answer 22

encased in connective tissue and considerable perinephric fat and enclosed by renal fascia attaching them to the crura of the diaphragm.

Question 23

superior suprarenal artery arises from

Answer 23

inferior phrenic artery

Question 24

middle suprarenal artery arises from

Answer 24

abdominal aorta near SMA origin

Question 25

inferior suprarenal artery originates from

Answer 25

renal artery

Question 26

short right suprarenal vein drains into the

Answer 26

IVC

Question 27

longer left suprarenal vein drains into the

Answer 27

left renal vein with the inferior phrenic

Question 28

pancreas peritoneal covering

Answer 28

retroperitoneal

Question 29

pancreas arterial supply

Answer 29

splenic

Question 30

pancreas venous drainage

Answer 30

feed into the splenic and superior mesenteric vein into the hepatic portal vein. dominant is the splenic though.

Question 31

location of the pituitary

Answer 31

suspended form the underside of the brain by the “pituitary stalk”, or the infundibulum. Sits within the sphenoid bone part called the sella turcica.

Question 32

pituitary anterior lobe parts

Answer 32

pars anterior – largest part pars intermedia – thin epithelial layer separating anterior form posterior pars tuberalis – upwards extension of pars anterior

Question 33

anterior pituitary lobe communicated with the hypothalamus how

Answer 33

anterior lobe communicates with the hypothalamus via the hypophyseal portal vessels

Question 34

posterior pituitary lobe communicated with the hypothalamus how

Answer 34

magnocellular neurones originating in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus.

Question 35

anterior pituitary lobe arterial supply

Answer 35

superior hypophyseal vessel from the internal carotid

Question 36

posterior pituitary lobe arterial supply

Answer 36

superior hypophyseal artery, infundibular artery and hypophyseal inferior artery

Question 37

layers of a blood vessel histo

Answer 37

tunica intima tunica media tunica adventitia

Question 38

2 types of arteries

Answer 38

muscular and elastic

Question 39

layers of the skin

Answer 39

``` Basal layer stratum Spinosum Stratum Granulosum Stratum lucidum stratum corneum ```

Question 40

what is found in the spinosum layer

Answer 40

langerhans cells and keratinocytes

Question 41

filiform papillae

Answer 41

common, appear white. are keratinized. thread like

Question 42

fungiform papillae

Answer 42

mushroom like. not keratinised. highly vascular

Question 43

circumvallate papillae

Answer 43

largest, taste buds.

Question 44

most dominant layer in the oesophagus

Answer 44

adventitia

Question 45

most dominant layer in the stomach

Answer 45

muscular external

Question 46

duodenum most dominant layer

Answer 46

submucosa/musclaris externa

Question 47

jejunum dominant layer

Answer 47

submucosa

Question 48

colon dominant layer

Answer 48

muscularis externa

Question 49

are there parietal cells in the pyloric region

Answer 49

no

Question 50

ileum distinguishing features

Answer 50

many peyer's patches, large muscularis externa and little to no plicae

Question 51

epithelium of the colon

Answer 51

simple columnar mucous absorptive cells

Question 52

submandibular gland secretions

Answer 52

serous and mucous mixed

Question 53

sublingual secretions

Answer 53

mucous

Question 54

parotid secretions

Answer 54

serous

Question 55

gallbladder is lined with

Answer 55

simple columnar epithelium

Question 56

type 2 pneumocytes secrete

Answer 56

surfactant

Question 57

proximal convoluted tubule is coated in

Answer 57

simple cubodial epithelium

Question 58

thin portions of the loop of Henel is coated in simple squmous epithelium

Answer 58

in simple squamous epithelium

Question 59

ureter is coated in

Answer 59

stratiifed transitional epithelium

Question 60

layer's of the eye

Answer 60

epithelium stratified squamous, Bowman’s membrane, Stroma, Descemet’s layer, endothelium

Question 61

vocal cord epithelial lining

Answer 61

stratified squamous

Question 62

epithelium of the oral mucosa

Answer 62

stratified non-keratinizng sqamous epithelium