GMD extent of control of China/ stability 1936 Flashcards
(14 cards)
city and countryside
province
Control didn’t reach local province level of people who lived in cities and countryside, elections at local level for Hedman were still appointed magistrates and reforms promised in Soon Yet Sun’s Three Principles of livelihood and land reform weren’t carried out, so Jiang lost popular support
city and countryside
cities
More investment in cities, electricity, missionary schools, Chinese schools, western moder medicine, first aircraft, flourishing film and club scene in Shanghai meant had support of growing businessman
city and countryside
Countryside
Countryside traditional medicine, peasants do not access education, even though traditions like foot binding, arranged marriages, concubines band continued showing jiang not have control, heavy tax of peasants meant he lost their support, but he did have support of landowners who were anti-communist
city and countryside
The New Life Movement
The New Life Movement to harass and change habits like smoking and casual sex was short lived as not have enough support showed not control ordinary people
FACTOR
DIFFERENCE IN CITY AND COUNTRYSIDE
Overall, had control over cities as his developments won him support from businessmen who would be useful providing loans but lacked control in countryside as was without popular support of the peasants and failed to fulfil the livelihood aspect of his 3 principles meant they were driven to support the ccp
Foreign powers
Treaty Ports
Britain had set up 5 treaty ports following the opium war and France and Japan followed, not control what he referred to as ‘unfair treaties’ made it a key element of nationalism in his 3 principles to gid rid of
Foreign powers
Manchuria
Japan had extended in Manchuria and gave the Twenty-One Demands for increased rights in Manchuria and expansion in inner Mongolia, government to weak to decline showed jiang not in control
Foreign powers
west allies
Versailles allied conference agree Japan have permeant control over once German province Shandong show jiang had have control in the conversation with international powers, jiang is weak
Foreign powers
Japan
Nationalists in Japan act without orders, attack Mukden, turned into full scale assault Manchuria becomes Manchukuo puppet state with last Qing dynasty emperor for some legitimacy, Chinese boycott Japanese goods but this showed a further lack of control when Japan retaliate by briefly attacking shanghai but this wasn’t approved of by foreign powers showing some support
Power base
positions
concentration of power in politics and military, Commander in Chief and Chairman of National Military Council, leader of GMD, chairman of state council
Power base
allies
Key allies in Zhou Enlai and Big ears du leader of green gang in shanghai apart of opium suppression bureau meant gained from drug trade profits in return made him a general
Power base
parliament group
Blue shirts based on fascists Hitler and Mussolini created own parliament grouped by secret police used against communists and new life movement
Power base
marriage
Married Soon Mei Ling Christian educated in US had strong connections, father rich Shanghai business man, her brother a powerful politician became finance minister
Power base
Institutions
Military bureau of statistics, secret police infiltrate opposition, used torture from prisoners and assassinations
Bandit Suppression Headquarters co-ordinate anti-communist activity
Whampoa military academy funded by soviets trained officers to be loyal to him ‘Generalissimo’
