Impact of social policies 1962 - 1966 Flashcards
(23 cards)
Women
role
Domestic role, in glf propaganda focused on joining field labour, temporary change to a domestic role again
Women
birth control post glf
Birth control, famine=less babies born and higher infantile rates meant population control not a priority
Women
state council first birth planning commission
State council first Birth Planning Commision, population planning part of 1965 3rd 5 year plan, Zhou Enlai ‘it is good to have lots of man power, but only if it is coordinated with economic development’
Women
health ministry
Push for birth control in rural areas, The Health Ministry said ‘Later, Longer, Fewer’
Women
result birthcontrol
By 1965 reported 70% of families using birthcontol
Education
experts
Emphasised as need experts to support development and many in rural areas taken out to work in fields with many accidents
Education
investment
results
1949 made education a priority but was slow as investment of culture and education 6.4% total budget and 1956 only half of young people in full time education but 20 years later, 96% of primary school aged children were in full-time education
Education
Universities
Universities remoulded to grow experts, focus on scientific subjects, isolated from west and Ussr schools had to increase own
Education
key schools,
BUT key schools, still traditional elements education, tough entrance exams, physical education, best teachers, supposed to be on merit but made up of high ranking officials children
Education
Education for ordinary members transformed society as education for young people grew who were previously labour workers and emphasising experts and cutting of foreign ‘imperialism’ influence of other unis meant unis in China experienced growth. But key schools showed class differences and elements of ‘traditional’ elements that Mao referred to elements of China’s feudalist past
Religion
Religion was transformed but not eliminated but was driven underground and controlled by association, NPC was an atheist and saw religion as suspicious 50s withdraw from sects persecuted religion but 60s sought to control it
Chinese Buddhist association established 50s but in 60s pachen lama criticised leadership after touring Tibet ‘unspeakably hard lives’ Mao said this was a ‘poison arrow’ by Tibetan landlords, imprisoned.
culture
Film,
Film, valubale propaganda most illiterate, shanghai film industry damaged in wars 1949 effort to rebuild political control private studios taken over by state, film makers to ussr to study film making techniques, flourished 1949-1965, 603 films, animated for children, paid for mobile projection units to show peasants for free, breief criticism in hundered f.c
culture
Book
thought Reform campaign of early 1950s, crackdown on traditional & Western culture
Book publishers and editors had to register with the gov and submit regular reports on their work
Many public libraries were stripped of traditional and Western novels and books burned
Eg in Shantou May 53 a bonfire of 300,000 books were burned for 3 days
culture
west replacements
Nightclubs closed and jazz music banned
Viewing of Hollywood films ended, to be replaced by Russian films
culture
misitry of
Ministry of Culture established bureaucratic controls over various branches of culture; a Drama Reform Committee oversaw changes to theatre and opera, whilst a Film Steering Committee did the same for the film industry
culture
jiang
Some in CCP (Kang Sheng, Jiang Qing) who believed culture should reflect new political reality and that the Ministry of Culture was not fulfilling its mandate to sustain new revolutionary culture
Jiang developed her own revolutionary opera and plays and tried to persuade Mao that Chinese culture needed to be revolutionised
Opposed by Ministry of Culture but succeeded in 64
culture
film
CCP recognised importance of film as propaganda medium, especially in a society where the majority of people were illiterate
Shanghai film industry damaged by war against Japan and CW but efforts were made to rebuild it after 49
Private studios took over by state run Shanghai Film Studios and Chinese film makers sent to USSR to study Soviet film-making techniques
culture
Continuity
Private collections of books left untouched
Old operas still performed even if many new ones were written
Comment
Very drastic change to the previous liberal and extravagant China
No freedom of speech
Essentially a lot of change, control over all media and used as propaganda
religion
Daoism
Daoism, link to secret sects and rebellions seen as a threat.
Early 50s= ‘Withdraw from the sects; mass campain target them and other beliefs,
priests to reorientation centres’ retraining, temples and shrines destroyed, drove sects underground not rid of, 3 uprisings in ealry 50s different approach, to regualte activities Chinese Doaist Association, in chaos on GLF many sects reappear
religion
Buddhism,
Buddhism, 1949 13 million , monasteries destroyed, monks beaten, land confiscated , images of buddah melted down, closed monasteries turned to military baracks and prisons, schools. Monks forced to work, 1953 c=Chinese Buddhist Association, 1959 Tibetan revolt Dalai Lama fled to India, Panchen Lmama supports supression of rebelion, 60s toured tibet sees effet of famine reprt critise rule number of executions and famine said ‘an unspeakably difficult life’ mao siad ‘poisoned arrow’ at party by tibets feudal landlords, panchen imprisoned for trying to organise a rebellion
religion
Islam
Islam, many million 50s persecuted and armed rebellion suppressed by Pla, 1952 Islamic Association, control education away from mosques, encouraged Han Chinese move northwest to break up poulation or to tibet
religion
christianity
Christianinty, 3 million roman catholics, 1 million protestants, others russian orthodox, sus influence of foreign missionaies who were expelled, homes eaarched and churches stripped, training priests baned, ‘study sessions’ beaten labour camps, 1954 1.7 million riman catholics. A National Christian Council ordred sever all foreign links, Protestant Patriotic Church, Roman Catholic Church rename Chinese Patriotic Ctholic Church end ties with Rome
