Hard :( Flashcards
(113 cards)
1
Q
what is the aim of clearing
A
to replace alcohol with something that paraffin wax is soluble with
2
Q
what is embedding
A
fresh wax is poured over and left to solidify
3
Q
what is the benefit of embedding
A
makes labelling the specimen easier and easier to cut thinly
4
Q
why is the thin sections of tissue put in a warm bath
A
to get rid of any any creases from the tissue
5
Q
what colour does basic and acdic stain go
A
adaic stain - red or pink
basic - blue or purple
6
Q
what is the charge of basic and acdic stains
A
aididic - negatively
basic stains - positvevly
7
Q
PAS
A
glycoproteins
8
Q
Masson Trhicome
A
muscular stroma in the tissue
9
Q
what is the cells of the four basic tissue types
A
epithelial - aggreated polyhedral cells
connective - wandering and fixed
nervous - interwining elgonated
muscle - elognatd contractile
10
Q
what is the amount of extracellular matrix in all of them
A
Ep - small
CT - Alot
Ne - non
Mc - intermediate
11
Q
what is the cilia formed by
A
microtubule arrangement of the cell cytoskeleton
12
Q
what is keratin made up of
A
dead squamous cell layers that form the stuctural poritens
13
Q
simple squamous example
A
inner surface of the cornea
browman capsule of the kidney
14
Q
simple cuboidal example
A
kidneym + thryoid gland filled follicles
15
Q
simple columnar epithelium example
A
lining of the intestines
16
Q
columnar ciliated example
A
fallopian tube
17
Q
pesuostratied epithelia ciliated with goblet cells example
A
respiratory epithelium / linning of the trachea
18
Q
what is the order of the junction table
A
major link protien
extracellular ligands
cytoskeleton compoenents
intracellular attachment protiens
19
Q
where do gap junctions lie
A
beanth the zonal occludens and zonal adherins in most epithelial and cardiac muscle cells
20
Q
what are 6 protien units together called
A
connexone that formws a communicating junctions
21
Q
what is another name for the desmosome
A
macula adherence
22
Q
what is a hemi desosome
A
half of a structure of the desmosome
23
Q
examples of exocrine gland and ednocrine glands
A
salivary , lacrimal , mammary , liver , brunners , sweat and sebaceous
pituriary, throid, thymus, adrenal , ovaries/ testes
24
Q
examples of solid organs made up of epithelium
A
liver, pancreas, anterior pituriarty gland and salivary gland
25
what does pale fibroblasts nuclei mean
DNA is active and opened up for transcription and translation
26
how do leukocytes contraction of a wound
producing collagen fibres and tugging the edges of the wound to draw them together
27
what is diapedesis
leukocyutes squeeze themslesves in ebtween endothelial cells of the blood vessel
28
what can macrophages also be dervied from (non main)
mesenchyme
29
what is abduent in the cytoplasm around marcophages
what are these useful for
lysomes and pahlysoomes
digest facotyose and breakdown substances while clearing away any debris
30
what is the cytoplasm of mast cells got
basophillic secretory granules
31
what does the location of mast cells near small blood vessels allow
perform sentienl function for host defence
32
what are mast cells sentive to - what do they do when they detect a forgeiin substance
rapidly release their contents
33
where are lympcoytes found
in the digestive tract of connective tissue
34
what does lympcohtyes and b lymnphocytes give rise to
plasma
35
what is the clock face of plasma
perioheral regions of heterchromatin alternating with lighter areas of eurohcromatin
36
what is the function of plasma
produce antibodies
37
what do the antiobdies of plasma do
neturrlaize harmful antigens
render toxins harmless
promote phagocytosis
protect the body from microgoraism
38
how is collagen formed
by fibroblasts that form three polypeptide chains that self assemble
known as a triple helix arrangement
39
what pregenatge of protiens in the body is collagen
40%
40
what is the tissue distrubution of the different types of collagen
I - skin bone dentin tendon and ligaments
II - cartilgae - invertberal disc and viterous body
III - skin blood vessels and internal organs
IV - basal laminae
41
what does reticular fibres make the internal scaffolding for
liver
lymph nodes
spleen
bone marrow
42
how are reticular fibres syntehised
fibroblasts and later replcaed by type I collagen
43
what are the two main components of the reticular fibres
stroma and the parenchyma
44
what does the elastin and fibrillin form
random coils
45
where is elastic fibres found
blood vessels , mesentery , lungs
46
what does the elastic arteries help
smooth the pulsatile flow of the blood
47
glycosamiglycans
repaeting dissachride units form a polysacchride
bound to a core protien and form protelgycans
give turgor and diffusion of extracellualr matrix
ketrain and herpain sulfate and hyalurionic acid
48
proteoglycans
composed of core protien and combo of sulfated GAG
rer goli and vesicles
hydrophillic - caroxyl hydroxyl and sulpahte
trap water and resist compression
49
glycoprotiens
bind to surface cells (intergrin) and ECM (collagen)
help estbalish cotinunity of cytoskeleton and ECM
Fibronectin , Laminin (basal lamina) chondronetcin and osteonectin
50
where is the functions of connective tissue taking place
mechical support (stroma solid organs)
attachment and protection (tendons and ligaments)
highway for nrutiens (loose ct)
51
what type of connective tissue is *special*
bone
52
what does mesenchyme form
fibroblsts, chondrocytes, adipocytes and osteocytes along with growht factors and cytokines
53
what can mesenymal cells do
invade and migrate through ECM to help transportion - like with in endothelium it is known as peicytes
54
what is adipose tissue senseitive to
hormonal and nervous stimuli
55
function of adipose tissue
subcatneous - shapes the body
deposists - shock absrobers
elsewhere - keeps tissue position
56
where is brown fat moslty found
fetus and neonate
57
what does type IV (basal lamina) not form
fibrils
58
aposisitonal growth
perichondrium forms chondrogrenic cells
differenaite into chondroblasts
these depoist a layer of matrix into the periphery of the cartialge
later stage allows thickening of cartialge
59
intersistial growth
chondrocytes mitiocially divide and secrte cartialge matrix
become isolted in their own indvidual lacunae
early stage as once they contous they lose their ability to divide
60
small injury
chodnrgeic cells of the perichodmrium form chondroblasts that migrate to the area and repair the defect
61
large injury
pericohondrium cannot do
Perichodnral fibrobalsts produce scar of dense connective tissue
62
what layers of hyaline cartialge
outer - collagen fibres and fibroblasts
it has vessels nerves and lymphastics
inner - fibroblasts cells called chondrogenic cells and devoid of vessels
63
what does basophillic cytoplasm usually mean
RER and golgi present for producing somethijng
64
what is the composition of Hyaline
75% water 25% organic material
60% type II (3d meshwork)
40% proteglycans (chondrinin sulfate, keratin sulfate and hyaluonic acid)
65
what makes terriortial and interttioral matrix different
distance to protelgycans
66
distribution
hyaline
elastic
fibroblasts
articularing artialge , costal cartialge, nasal cartilage, cricoid, thryoid and artytenoid cartialge of layrnx , trachea and bronchi
pinna of the ear , epiglottis and auditory tube
intervertbreal disc , pubic symphysis, intraarticular disc of tmj and sternocalviular joint
67
what does fibrocartialge develop from
what is the chondrocytes dispered in
how are they arragned
fibroblasts
bundles of type I collagen
parallele rows 2,4 or 6
68
composition of bone
23% type I collagen
2% non collagen protiens
65% bioapitte
10% water
69
what do osteoblasts with vesciles contain
alkaline phophate
70
what do osteoid and matrix vesciles form in bone mineralisation
osteoid - type I collagen gclyprotiens and glyoprotiens
vesicles - alkaline phopshate
71
what is a resporbotion bay
osteclasts lie in a dreperession or cyprt during bone resportion
72
what is the periosteum (bone)
surronds bone expect articular surface
periosteum - dense connective tissue sheath
layers - outer and inner (osteprointor cells and osteoblasts)
73
endoesteum (bone)
lines the large internal marrow cavities of bone
single layer of connective tissue
flattened osteoprointor cells and osteoblasts
74
where are osteons found
in cortical bone (compact)
75
Why is it also called trabecular bone
finger projections towards the marrow cavities
76
what is the external circumferential lamellae
outermost arrnagement of the lamellae
77
where are pentertating vessels found
volkmans canal
78
where do osteocytes sit in cortical bone
canalilci
79
what is uncommon in trabecualr bone
thin struts
haervisan cannals
osteocytes can survive via diffusin of bone marrow
80
cutting bone - what does osteobalsts secrete
osteoids
81
what is the intersisital lamellae
area between osteons
82
what is the osteon in the process of forming called
resportion canal
83
in muscle cells what is the cell membrane called
scarolemna
84
how does muscle fibres form
mesenchyme of the mesoderm differentiate to form myoblasts
form together to form myotubes
nulcei pushed to the scarolemna
then form myofibrils
85
what is the layers around muscle fribres
epimysium perimysium and endomyisum (last two contain firboblasts)
86
types of skeletal muscle
type I - slow red oxidative (mitchochondria and mylgoib)
type IIA - fast intermiedate oxidative glyotic fibres
Type IIb - fast white glyoctic fibres
87
what is a myotendinous junction
collagen of a tendon attaches to the of a muscle fibre at a spexlciased junction
88
what is a spindle
what do they contain
special sense to provide information about stretch they contain intrafusal fibres and extrafusal fibres
89
what is chnages in extrafsual fibres do
send to muscle spindles that trans[roted to the spinal cord
90
how long are the skeletal muscle
50 - 100 um
91
what foorms the primtiive heart tube
mesoderm
92
what holds the branching fibres of the cardiac muscle togeyther
what does it have
what does it allow
intercalated disc (have desmomes and adherent junctions)
smooth blood flow
93
why does cardaic muscle only have a dyad
t tubules are numberous but the SR is less defined
94
what is the length of smooth muscle
5 um to 20 - 500 um
95
what is teh thick and thin filament organisation in the smooth muscle
actin and myosin have a lattice netowrk
calmoudlin instead of troponin
MLCK which phophayltes mysoin
and intermaited filaments are desmin and vimentin
96
where does f actin and intermeidate filament insert in smooth muscle
what does this help
dense bodies which can be membrane or cytoplasmic assocaited
help contractile force of adjacent smooth muscle and their surronding network of reticular fibres
97
how does smooth muscle contractions work
regualted by autonomic nerves
lacks neruomscualr junction
nerve supply serves to modfiy acitvity
anatongitc adrengeic and chloregnic endings
98
what does grey and white matter of the brain contain
grey nuerones , cell processes synpases and support cells
white matter - axons and their support cells
99
spinal white and grey matter
white - axons, myelin sheaths and blood vessles
grey neutrophil (neuronal and glical cells)
100
what are the two types of nerve gnaglia
dorsal root and autonomic ganglia
101
what does the gnaglia of the neuroal relay of the PNS contain
neurone cell bodies )cytoplasm and nissl)
support cells (staellite and schwann cells)
axons (loose fibrcollagenous connective tissue)
102
what is an axon
collection of axons linked together
sensory or motrow
meylin or no
103
what is a perhieal nerve composed of
axon schwann cell fibroblasts and blood vessels
104
different parts of the spinal cord
ventral and dorsal horn and medial fissue and central canal
105
what is a bundle of axons
fascile
106
what is the surrondings of axons
epinerium, perinerium and endoneruium
107
what are the two plexus of enteric nervous system
submosa and muscilar externa
108
spiraling of the meylin
each invades the axon so that the outer and inner membrane of the schwann cell is connected by a double fold of the mesoaxon
each axon is ingeated by the schwann cell
double membrane is formed called a mesoaxon
nuscleus is middle internodal segment
109
Intramembranous ossification
mesenchymal are in ossfifcation centres and differeitate into osteoblasts
these secret oestroids
these separate but keep their connection with the canciluli forms oestrocytes
bony tissue fuses and leads to trabeculae (primary bone)
periosteum forms
the lamellar bone replcaes woven bone as compact and spongy bone form
110
Endochondral ossification
haline with osteoblasts (from perichondrium) produce bone forming cells
form the perihonroium surrounds the bone it is called periosteum
begin to produce alkaline phosphate
bone imedes diffusion of oxygen and nutrients and promoted degernative changes
calcification of the bone matrix stops diffusion leads to chondrocyte cell death
111
epiphyseal growth plate
zone of resting cartilage
zone of proliferating cartilage
zone of hypertrophic cartilage
zone of calficifed cartilage
zone of ossification
112
stages of bone repair
hematoma formation (removed by marcophages)
fibrocartilaginous callus formation (via periosteum and enosteum)
bony callus formation (via ossification)
bone remodelling (pressure)
113
diseases of the bone
Oestroproesis - weakening bone
paget's disease - uncontrolled osteoclasts
Osteomalcia - failure of osteaoids to minerlsize
