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Histology One > Skin > Flashcards

Skin Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Function of Skin

A

Protection
Sensation
Tehrmoregulation
Metabolic Function

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2
Q

What does protection involve

A

chemical , termal and mechical mechanisms
protection against fungal and UV

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3
Q

What does Sensation involve

A

pain - to pull away
temperature

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4
Q

what does thermregultion involve

A

insulating
give off excess heat

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5
Q

Metabolic Function

A

UV –> Vitamin D
storage of energy - fat

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6
Q

What is the epidermis made of

A

epithelial

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7
Q

what is the dermis made of

A

connective tissue

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8
Q

what is the hypodermis made of

A

loose connective tissue with adipocytes

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9
Q

what is the dermal paillae

A

projections from dermis into the epidermis

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10
Q

what is the epidermal ridges

A

projections from the epidermis to the dermis

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11
Q

What is the epithelium of the epidermis

A

simple squamous keratnised epithelium

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12
Q

What is the general structure of the dermis

A

fibrous collagenous
elastic connective tissue
can have vessels nerves receptors can include glands and ducts

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13
Q

what is the general structure of the hypodermis

A

large blood vessels
adipose tissue with septa of collagen bundles

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14
Q

what is the direction of the collagen to the skin surface

A

perpendicular

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15
Q

what are the 4 cell found in the epidermis

A

Keratinocytes
Melanocytes
Antigen presenting langerhans cells
Merkl’es cells

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16
Q

what is septa

A

anchors skin to underlying tissue

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17
Q

what are the different layer sof keatinocytes

A

Stratum corneum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum bassale

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18
Q

What is the stratum basale

A

single layer of basophilic columnar - coboidal shape on the basal lamina

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19
Q

what is the function of stratum basale

A

intense mitotic activity
act as stem cells to constantly produce epidermal cells

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20
Q

how thick is the stratum spinosum / what are they

A

5 cells thick
polyherdal / slightly flat

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21
Q

what is the function of stratum spinosum

A

actively synthesising keratin filament

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22
Q

why is it spinous (spine like)

A

desosomes attaching each other to the cells

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23
Q

how many days does it take for the epidermis to renew

A

15 - 30 days

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24
Q

what do keratinocytes form

A

tonal fibrals

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25
Q

where do tonal fibrals converge and terminate

A

at desmosomes

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26
Q

what happens to stratum spinosum in high pressure areas

A

it is thickener

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27
Q

how many layers for the stratum granulosum . what is it

A

3 - 5 layers of flattened polygonal cells

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28
Q

what is their cytoplasm filled with

A

kertaohyaline granules

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29
Q

what does the keratohyaline granules have when activated

A

profilaggrin or filagrin

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30
Q

what is the function of the stratum granulosum

A

promotes clustering of cytokeratin tonofibrils to form keratin

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31
Q

what does the stratum granulosum contain

A

lamellar bodies

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32
Q

what do the lamellar bodies release

A

glyocholopids

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33
Q

what do they do

A

after they die they become glue and waterproofing agent

34
Q

how thick is the stratum corneum / what is it

A

15 - 20 layers non nuclated kernatised cells

35
Q

what is the cytoplasm filled with

A

biregringesnt filamentous keratin

36
Q

these dead cells contain what

A

fibrillar and amorphous proteins with a thickened plasma

37
Q

what is the keratin

A

6 different polypeptide with packed speclaised matrix

38
Q

what layers if skin cancer moslty from

A

Basale and spinosum

39
Q

what is the lucidum

A

layer between the granulosum and the coreum

40
Q

when is this layer present

A

only seen in thick skin as it poorly stains

41
Q

what kind of cells in the lucidrum

A

flattened esoinophillic cells - nulcei and organelles lost to cytoplasm
only has keratin filament

42
Q

Life Cycle Keratin Basale

A

syntehssisng keratin filament

43
Q

Spinosum Life Cycle Keratin

A

keratin filament –> keratohylain granules + lamellar bodies

44
Q

Granulosa Life Cycle Keratin

A

Kertoylain left in the cytoplasm
decahrge the lamellar bodies to form a water barrier

45
Q

Corenum Life Cycle Keratin

A

breakdown nucleus and cytoplasm
thicker plasma is formed

46
Q

what is psoriasis

A

condition with high amount of proliferating cells in the stratum basale and spinosum
decrease in cycle time results in abnormal keratinisation

47
Q

what are the two types of epidermal water barriers

A

Cell envelope
Lipid envelopes

48
Q

What is the cell envelop made of

A

insoluble proteins
(loricin, keratin, filaggrin)

49
Q

where are the insoluble proteins deposited

A

on the inner surface of the plasma membrane

50
Q

what is the lipid envelope

A

layer of lipids

51
Q

where do the lamellar bodies for a lipid envelope go

A

into the intracellular spaces between the stratum granulosum and stratum corneum

52
Q

types of lamellar bodies for the lipid envelope

A

glysophoglipids , phoslipids and ceramides

53
Q

what is the difference between thick and thin skin

A

the stratum corneum is thicker in thick skin

54
Q

what are melanocytes derived from

A

neural crest cells

55
Q

what is there appearance

A

pale cells with prominent dark nuclei long processes which extend to adjacent cells

56
Q

what is their function

A

muse melanosomes to move to keratinocytes

57
Q

what is a melansome

A

they are black and bronw pigments called melanin

58
Q

what do they contain

A

pheomelanin (red + yellow)
eumelanin (brown + black)

59
Q

Formation of mealinin - First step

A

Melanocytes produce lysomes related membrane bound strcutures from Golgi apparatus called premelansomes (involved in melanin syntehsis)

60
Q

Formation of melanin - second step

A

melanin produced from tryosine by a series of reactions making ealry mealsosomes

61
Q

formation of melanin third step

A

with maturation melasomes travel towards the end of the melaocyte process

62
Q

formation of melanin fourth step

A

with high concentrations the melaocyte processes will invaginate into keratinocyte cell membrane

63
Q

formation of melanin fifth step

A

Keratinocytes phagotise the tips of the melatocyte process containing melansomes

64
Q

melanin formation sixth step

A

melanin is transfered to neighbouring kertinocytes
pigment donation

65
Q

Melanin formation seventh step

A

once inside the keratincoytes mealsomes are released into the cytoplasm

66
Q

melanin formation eighth step

A

melasomes are distributed within the keratincoytes with accumulations forming dark umbrellas that protect DNA from the sun UV

67
Q

what are langerhans cells

A

resident immune cells of epidermis

68
Q

what s their function

A

antigen presenting cells (dentires) and they replish themselves
invade the skin from bloodstream

69
Q

what is their appearance

A

pale with irregular nuclei

70
Q

where are they found

A

in the stratum spinosum

71
Q

what do merkels cells look like

A

round cells with pale staining cytoplasm

72
Q

what is there function

A

touch receptors
associated with nerve ending

73
Q

where are the merkel cells found

A

highly tactile areas such as lips and fingertips

74
Q

what are the two types of cells in the dermis

A

Papillary dermis
reticular dermis

75
Q

what is the papillary dermis

A

collagen I + III
elastic fibres
extensive plexus of vessels and nerves

76
Q

Reticular dermis

A

dense irregular connective tissue
collagen and elastic fibres
larger blood vessels

77
Q

what is the hypodermis moslty made of

A

adipose tissue
extensive vascular supply

78
Q

what else is there

A

septa of dense irregular connective tissue

79
Q

what is its function

A

connect dermis to the underlying deep fascia

80
Q

which one is higher the papillary dermis or retricular dermis

A

papillary dermis as it is closer to the epidermis to go into the epidermis

Histology One (14 decks)

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