Liver

Question 1

what does the liver develop from

Answer 1

an outgrowth of the gut

Question 2

What is the function of the liver

Answer 2

carbohydrates + proteins –> fatty acids and triglycerides
Oxidise trilcericdes to produce energy
regulate blood gluoce concentration
detofification
bile secretion
syntehsie cholesterol

Question 3

how does the liver regulate glouce concentration

Answer 3

through glyocgensis and glyconeogensis

Question 4

what is the liver surrounded by

Answer 4

dense fibrous connective tissue and covring of mesthelial cells

Question 5

what is the function of the mesothelium

Answer 5

acts as a shield against pathogens

Question 6

what does the capsule also have c + e f

Answer 6

collagen and elastic fibres
blood vessels

Question 7

what does the glission capsule send out

Answer 7

extensions into the hepatic parecnhyma which contributes to the supportive stroma

Question 8

what is this covering derived from

Answer 8

simple squamous derived from the peritoneum

Question 9

what are the different parts of the liver

Answer 9

Gibsons capusule
Parenchyma
Stroma

Question 10

what does the Connective tissue do to the parenchyma

Answer 10

Divides it into lobules

Question 11

what does the parenchyma consist of

Answer 11

ornaisgsed plates of heaptocytes
portal triad
central vein

Question 12

what is the stroma continuous with

Answer 12

fibrous capdule of glission

Question 13

what does the stroma contain

Answer 13

sinusoidal capillaries - vascular channels between paltes of hepatocytes
perisnsioundal spaces - lie between sinusoidal endothelium and hepatocytes

Question 14

what ia the general structure for the classic hepatic lobule <=>

Answer 14

6 sides with a portal triad sourring each side with hepatic sinusoids going into the central vein

Question 15

what is in the portal triad

Answer 15

portal vein
hepatic artery
bile duct

Question 16

what is the hepatic sinusoids arranged around

Answer 16

the central vein

Question 17

where does most of the blood come from

Answer 17

hepatic portal vein
rest is hepatic artery

Question 18

what is the function of the portal vein

Answer 18

nutrient rich blood from the gastrointesitnial tract

Question 19

what is the function of the hetpatic artery

Answer 19

provide oxygenated blood

Question 20

what do terminal branches of the portal vein empty into

Answer 20

thin wall hepatic sinusoiids that are in contract with hepatocytes

Question 21

what type of capillary is the hepatic sinusoids

Answer 21

fenestrated

Question 22

what is the portal vein thin walls lined with

Answer 22

endothelium

Question 23

why can the hepatic arteriole be identified

Answer 23

due to their thick muscular layer around the endothelium

Question 24

what epithelium is the bile ductule lined with

Answer 24

simple cubodial

Question 25

what is the main cells of the liver

Answer 25

hepatocytes

Question 26

what are they

Answer 26

polyhedral epithelial cells

Question 27

what do they form but what are they actually

Answer 27

cords of liver cells sheets or plates of cells

Question 28

what is a sinusoids

Answer 28

the sheets of hepatocytes have spaed to allow blood flow

Question 29

why is the cytoplasm of the hepatocytes esonphillic

Answer 29

because of their mitchodronia

Question 30

what is there nuclei like

Answer 30

large spherical nuclei with nuclei have more than one nculei

Question 31

what is the surface of each hepatocyte in contract with

Answer 31

wall of the sinusoid (through perisinusoidal space)

Question 32

what is a bile canilcusus definition - projections - junctions - plasma

Answer 32

2 hepatocytes meet first part of the bile duct microvilli projections from the hepatocytes joined by tight junctions plasma is linited

Question 33

what are the three types of lobules

Answer 33

classic hepatic portal hepatic acinus

Question 34

classic hepatic lobule

Answer 34

drains blood from the portal vein + hepatic veins into the central vein or hepatic vein

Question 35

what is the classic lobule useful for

Answer 35

endocrine function producing factors for the uptake of plasma

Question 36

what is portal lobule

Answer 36

drains bile from hepatocytes to the bile ducts

Question 37

what is this useful for

Answer 37

exocrine function

Question 38

what is the shape of the portal lobule

Answer 38

triangular central veins and three classic lobulaes at its angle

Question 39

what is the hepatic anius

Answer 39

supplies oxygenated blood to hepatocytes

Question 40

what does the hepatic acinus look like

Answer 40

irregular ovual from the two portal triadards to the two cloest central veins

Question 41

what are the different zones of the hepatic acinus

Answer 41

Zone I - hepatocytes closeest to the hepatic arteriole gets the most oxygen and nutrients Zone III - closeest to the central vien least oxygen

Question 42

what does being in zone one allow for function

Answer 42

oxidative metbaolsim functions such as proteins syntehsis

Question 43

what are the sinusoids lined with

Answer 43

endothelial cells

Question 44

what is the space of Disse / perisinsoidal space

Answer 44

a small space between the lining of the sinusoid and the hepatocytes

Question 45

what projects into this space

Answer 45

microvilli of the hepatocytes

Question 46

what is the endothelium of the sinuoid like

Answer 46

fenerstrated

Question 47

why is this important

Answer 47

liquid components of blood have free access to the hepatocytes but blood cells DO NOT

Question 48

what can be seen in the hepatocyte cytoplasm

Answer 48

mitchondria with tubular cirstae free ribosomes RER Golgi complexes cluster close to the bile canilicusus SER glycogen and lipid stroage

Question 49

what does the SER contain

Answer 49

detofication enzymes

Question 50

what is in glycogen and lipids

Answer 50

lysomes and peroisomes

Question 51

what is the parenchyma supported by

Answer 51

reticular fibres (type III) Type I

Question 52

where are type I colalgne fibres found

Answer 52

space of Disse

Question 53

what does this meshwork support

Answer 53

hepatocytes and sinusoidal lining cells

Question 54

what does the rectiulin do

Answer 54

The reticulin merges with the sparse collagenous supporting tissue of the portal tract T and central venule V.

Question 55

at the periphery of the liver what is the reticulin continuous with

Answer 55

liver capsule

Question 56

what are the portal tracts accompanied by (2)

Answer 56

liver capsule collagenous connective tissue

Question 57

What are Kupffer cells

Answer 57

stellate marcophages

Question 58

what are the kupffer found between

Answer 58

the sinusoidal endothelial cells on the lumane surface within sinsuoids near the portal areas

Question 59

what is the main function of kupffer cells

Answer 59

break down aged erythrocytes and free heme for reuse remove bacteria and debris that may enter the portal blood adaptive immunity

Question 60

hepatic steallate fate storing cells

Answer 60

contain vitamin A

Question 61

what is their function

Answer 61

stores vitamin a produce ECM local immunity transform myofibroblasts to produce scar tissue in the liver

Question 62

what does the kupffer cell have

Answer 62

lysome and a irregular micovilli

Question 63

what is bile what does it contain

Answer 63

alkaine solution water ions phsopipids bilibruin and bile salts

Question 64

why are bile salts inmportant

Answer 64

emulsification of fats

Question 65

primary bile is produced by what

Answer 65

hepatocytes

Question 66

what is the bile modified by

Answer 66

cholagnicotyeswh

Question 67

where are the cholagniocytes found

Answer 67

lining the biliary tree

Question 68

what is the bile secreted into

Answer 68

canilculi

Question 69

what is the canilui formed bu

Answer 69

fine channels formed by plasma membrane of adjacent hepatocytes

Question 70

what do the bile caniluiof adjacent hepatocytes plate merge to form

Answer 70

canals of herig

Question 71

what do the canal herig drain into

Answer 71

the bile ducutles of the portal tracts

Question 72

what are small bile ducts made of ep

Answer 72

The smallest intrahepatic bile ducts have one layer of small cuboidal cells

Question 73

where are ducts always found

Answer 73

portal tracts and travel to with branches to the portal veins or hepatic arteries

Question 74

what is the direction of the bile

Answer 74

from the centrle of the lobules to the periphery Not from the central vein

Question 75

Intrahepatic biliary system - bc

Answer 75

bile canailcui with small channels formed by tight junctions no membrane limited by plasma but have tight junctions

Question 76

near the peripheral portal areas what does bile canacuili do

Answer 76

empty into the canal of hering

Question 77

then into what

Answer 77

bile ductules

Question 78

what is the bile ductules composed of

Answer 78

cholangiocytes (cubodial epithelium cells)

Question 79

where do the bilte ductules end

Answer 79

in the bile ducts in the portal spaces

Question 80

what happens to the cells as the ducts get larger

Answer 80

more olumnar

Question 81

what happens to their nculei

Answer 81

more basal

Question 82

what is the connective tissue

Answer 82

dense collagen fibre bundles surrounds the ducts

Question 83

what do the bile ducts fusing form

Answer 83

hepatic ducts