head review Flashcards
(260 cards)
1
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parietal
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3
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4
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zygomatic
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maxilla
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incisive
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nasal
8
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temporal
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sphenoid
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occipital
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palatine fissure
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external saggital crest
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external occipital protuberance
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infraorbital foramen- infraorbital nerve and artery
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facial tuberosity
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facial crest
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temporal line- attachment for temporalis
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nuchal crest
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temporal fossa-
It is bounded medially by the sagittal crest or the temporal line, caudally by the nuchal crest, and ventrally by the zygomatic process of the temporal bone. The temporal fossa is continuous rostrally with the orbit. The temporal muscle arises from this temporal fossa on the frontal, parietal, and squamous temporal bones.
20
Q
___ bounded by the incisive and nasal bones. It is nearly circular in brachycephalic breeds and is oval in the dolichocephalic breeds.
A
nasal aperture
21
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___ extends from the frontal process of the zygomatic bone to the zygomatic process of the frontal bone
A
orbital ligament
22
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Zygomatic arch
formed by the zygomatic process of the maxilla, the zygomatic bone, and the zygomatic process of the temporal bone. The arch serves as an origin for the masseter muscle, which closes the mouth.
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pterygopalatine fossa
origin for pterygoids
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optic canal- optic nerve
orbital fissure- 3,4,(opthalmic of 5) 6
rostral alar foramen (maxillary of 5)
oval foramen (mandibular of 5)
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another name for optic nerve
prechiasmatic optic tract.
26
maxillary formane
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**alveolar canals**
Caudal to the maxillary foramen are a number of small openings, most of them for the small nerves and vessels that pass through their respective alveolar canals to the roots of the two molar teeth and the caudal root of the last premolar.
28
**Fossa for the lacrimal sac**
Dorsal to the maxillary foramen in the lacrimal bone is the shallow fossa for the lacrimal sac. The fossa is continued rostrally by the nasolacrimal canal for the nasolacrimal duct.
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**infraorbital foramen**
rostral opening of the infraorbital canal
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alveolar juga
roots of the cheek teeth produce lateral elevations
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pterygoid
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sphenoid complex
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vomer
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palatine
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paracondylar process
origin for digastricus
36
tympanic bulla
enlargement of the temporal bone, which encloses the middle ear cavity and its ossicles
37
external acoustic meatus
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bones of inner ear
malleus
incus
stapes
39
**mastoid process**
is the only part of the petrosal portion of the temporal bone to reach the exterior. It is small and lies caudal to the external acoustic meatus lateral and dorsal to the root of the prominent paracondylar process. The mastoid parts of the **cleidocephalicus, sternocephalicus, and splenius muscles** terminate on the mastoid process.
## Footnote
**hyoid attaches here**
40
**round foramen**
opens from the cranial cavity into the alar canal. The **maxillary nerve** from the trigeminal nerve enters the alar canal from the cranial cavity through this round foramen. The nerve courses rostrally and leaves the alar canal by the rostral alar foramen.
41
oval foramen
**mandibular nerve** from the trigeminal nerve leaves the cranial cavity through this opening.
42
**Foramen lacerum**
lies at the rostromedial edge of the tympanic bulla. A loop of the **internal carotid artery** protrudes through this opening. This loop is between the part of the internal carotid that is coursing rostrally in the carotid canal and the part that returns through the foramen lacerum and enters the cavernous sinus on the floor of the cranial cavity.
43
**musculotubal canal**
lateral to the foramen lacerum and caudal to the oval foramen. It is the bony enclosure of a cartilaginous tubular connection, the **auditory tube,** which runs from the middle ear to the nasopharynx.
44
**tympano-occipital fissure**
The **glossopharyngeal, vagus, and accessory** nerves course peripherally from the jugular foramen through the tympano-occipital fissure. Also passing through this fissure are the **internal carotid artery**, venous radicles of the vertebral and internal jugular veins, and sympathetic postganglionic axons from the cranial cervical ganglion.
45
hypoglossal canal
46
**mandibular fossa**
of the zygomatic process of the temporal bone articulates with the condyle of the mandible to form the **temporo- mandibular joint.**
47
retroarticular process
48
**stylomastoid foramen**
tympanic bulla and the mastoid process of the temporal bone. opening of the facial canal that conducts the **facial nerve** peripherally through the petrosal part of the temporal bone
49
\_\_\_ keep roots of teeth apart
interradicular septae
50
**hard palate**
composed of the horizontal parts of the palatine, maxillary, and the incisive bones.
51
**major palatine foramen**
medial to the fourth cheek tooth. major palatine artery, vein, and nerve and their branches emerge through these foramina.
52
**choanae**
openings of the right and left nasal cavities into the nasopharynx. They are located at the caudal end of the hard palate, where the vomer articulates with the palatine bones.
53
formaen magnum
54
parts of the mandible
body- horizontal part
ramus- perpendicular part
alveolar border- contains alveoli for the roots of the teeth
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masseteric fossa
insert of masseter
56
**coronoid process**
dorsal half of the ramus. medial surface has shallow depression for insertion of the t**emporal muscle.**
57
**mandibular foramen.**
caudal opening of the mandibular canal, in the ramus and body of the mandible. It transmits the **inferior alveolar artery and vein and the inferior alveolar nerve.** It opens rostrally at the three mental foramina, where mental nerves supply sensory innervation to the adjacent lower lip and chin.
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angular process
The **pterygoid muscles insert** on the medial surface of the mandible and on the angular process, **masseter** attaches laterally
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condylar process
60
mandibular notch
## Footnote
Between the condylar process and the coronoid process is a U-shaped depression
**Motor branches of the mandibular nerve pass across this notch** to innervate the masseter muscle.
61
parts of the hyoid in dogs
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parts of the hyoid in horses
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make up of teeth in an adult
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shearing teeth of the mandible and maxilla
4th premolar of the maxilla
1st molar of the mandible
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\_\_\_\_ is outer surface of the teeth
vestibular surface
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\_\_\_ inner surface of the teeth for mandibular teeth
lingual surface
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\_\_\_
inner surface of the maxillary teeth
palatine surface
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The sides of a tooth that lie in contact with or face an adjacent toot
contact surface
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first incisor, next to the **median plane**
all other teeth: directed towards the first incisor
mesial contact surface
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opposite surface of the mesial contact surface
distal surface
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**cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone**
The numerous foramina in the cribriform plate transmit blood vessels and olfactory nerves from the olfactory epithelium of the caudal nasal cavity to the olfactory bulbs of the brain. Separates the cranium from the nasal cavity
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**hypophyseal fossa**
sella turcica, on the dorsal surface of the basisphenoid, contains the hypophysis.
73
**jugular foramen**
between the petrosal part of the temporal and the occipital bones. It opens to the outside through the tympano-occipital fissure and transmits the **glossopharyngeal, vagus, and accessory cranial nerves as well as the sigmoid venous sinus**
74
**tentorium osseum**
Projecting rostroventrally from the caudal wall of the cranial cavity. made of processes from the parietal and occipital bones.
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**foramen for the dorsal sagittal sinus**
located on the rostral surface of the occipital bone dorsal to the tentorium osseum. It opens into the paired transverse canals. This foramen transmits the dorsal sagittal venous sinus to the transverse sinus in the transverse canal.
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transverse canal
leads to transverse groove
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groove between the two nostrils
philtrum
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separates the right and left nasal cavities
nasal septum
The cartilaginous part, the septal cartilage, forms the rostral two thirds of this median partition. The osseous part of the nasal septum is formed by the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone, the septal processes of the frontal and nasal bones, and the sagittal portion of the vomer.
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caudal opening of each nasal cavity into the common nasopharynx
choana
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bony scrolls of the nasal fossa with their mucosa
conchae
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originates as the most dorsal scroll on the cribriform plate and extends rostrally as a shelf attached along the medial surface of the nasal bone.
dorsal nasal concha
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consists of several elongated scrolls that attach to a crest on the me-
dial surface of the maxilla. It lies in the middle of the nasal cavity but does not come into contact with the median nasal septum.
ventral nasal concha
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many delicate scrolls that attach to the cribriform plate caudally and occupy the fundus of each nasal cavity
ethmoidal labyrinth
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The cartilaginous part of the nasal septum forms the rostral two thirds of this median partition. It articulates with other cartilages at the nares, which prevent collapse of the nostrils. Ventrally, the septal cartilage fits into a groove formed by the vomer; dorsally, it articulates with the nasal bones where they meet at the midline.
septal cartilage
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four passages of the nasal cavity
meatuses
dorsal, middle, ventral, common
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communicates with the nasal cavity. Its opening lies in a transverse plane through the rostral roots of the superior fourth premolar tooth.
maxillary recess
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where the two sides of the mandible connect
intermandibular articulation
intermandibular symphysis
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nasoincisive notch
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orbit of a dog
incomplete- made of the orbital ligament
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cornual diverticulum of frontal sinus
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2?
cornual process of the frontal bone
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palatine sinus (goat/ox)
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lacrimal bulla (in ruminants)
extension of the maxillary sinus into lacrimal sinus
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space formed by cheek and lips on outside of teeth
vestibule
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platysma
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buccinator
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levator nasolabialis
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another name for eyelid
palpebrae
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where eyelids meet
palpebral fissure
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corners of the eyelid
medial and lateral palpebral commissures
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attachment of commissure to the bone
palpebral ligament
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attaches the medial commissure to the frontal bone near the nasomaxillary suture
medial palpebral ligament
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mucosa of the eyelid
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space under the eye lid
conjunctival sac
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lacrimal caruncle
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beginning of the dorsal and ventral lacrimal ducts. Each is a **small opening** on the conjunctival margin of the lid a few millimeters from the medial commissure
lacrimal punctum
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lacrimal gland
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flow of lacrimal gland
lacrimal gland - lacrimal duct - lacrimal sac - nasolacrimal duct- ventral nasal meatus of the rostal part of each nasal cavity
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this muscle elevated the superior eyelid
levator palpebrae superioris (LPS)
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muscles that lie on the forehead caudal to the orbit and converge toward the auricular cartilage.
rostral auricular muscles
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scutiform cartilage
a small, boot-shaped, cartilaginous plate located in the muscles rostral and medial to the external ear
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muscle behind the ear and attach to auricular cartilage
caudal auricular muscles
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**parotid duct**
duct from parotid gland opens through the cheek on a small papilla located opposite the caudal end of the **upper fourth premolar or shearing tooth**
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**zygomatic gland**
open into the vestibule lateral to the **last upper molar tooth**, caudal to the parotid duct
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**palatoglossal arch**
fold of tissue that extends from the body of the tongue to the beginning of the soft palate
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parts of the tongue
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papillae on tongue
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which papillae have tastebuds
vallate, foliate and fungiform
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lingual frenulum
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lyssa
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**Sublingual caruncle**
slightly raised elevation of mucosa that is lateral to the rostral part of the frenulum and protrudes from the floor of the oral cavity. The **mandibular duct and major sublingual duct** empty here
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**sublingual fold**
Extending caudally from the sublingual caruncle. The mandibular duct and major sublingual duct are found in this fold. They course rostrally to open on or beside the sublingual caruncle, separately or through a common opening
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salivary glands that empty into the
mandibular salivary gland
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monostomatic sublingual gland
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parotid salivary gland
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parotid lymph node
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**incisive papilla**
small eminence is located just caudal to the central incisor teeth. The fissure on either side of this papilla is the oral opening of the incisive duct. The incisive duct passes through the **palatine fissure** and opens into the ventral nasal meatus.
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**incisive duct**
starts at the fissure on either side of incisive papilla. The incisive duct passes through the palatine fissure and opens into the ventral nasal meatus- vomernasal organ
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**vomeronasal organ**
This tubular structure about 2 cm long lies at the base of the nasal septum dorsal to the hard palate and is an olfactory receptor of sexual stimuli
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located between the oral cavity and esophagus and is divided into oral, nasal, and laryngeal parts
pharynx
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oropharynx border
from the level of the palatoglossal arches to the caudal border of the soft palate and the base of the epiglottis at the caudal end of the root of the tongue
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palatine tonsil
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skin over the tonsil
semilunar fold
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borders of the nasopharynx
extends from the **choanae** to the junction of the **palatopharyngeal arches** at the caudal border of the soft palate
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**palatopharyngeal arch**
extends caudally on each side from the caudal border of the soft palate to the dorsolateral wall of the nasopharynx
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opening to the auditory tube within the nasopharynx
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borders of the laryngopharynx
from the palatopharyngeal arches to the beginning of the esophagus.
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pharyngoesophageal limen
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**cricopharyngeus**
arises from the lateral surface of the cricoid cartilage. Its fibers are inserted on the median dorsal raphe of the laryngo- pharynx. Caudally, its fibers blend with the esophagus.
innervated by **pharyngeal branches of the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves.**
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**thyropharyngeus**
arises from the lateral side of the thyroid lamina and is inserted on the median dorsal raphe of the pharynx
innervated by **pharyngeal branches of the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves.**
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**hyopharyngeus**
two parts as it arises from the lateral surface of the thyrohyoid bone and the ceratohyoid bone. The fibers of both parts form a muscle plate that passes dorsally over the larynx and pharynx to be inserted on the median dorsal raphe of the pharynx with its fellow from the opposite side. innervated by **pharyngeal branches of the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves.**
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epiglottis is attached to the arytenoid by the
aryepiglottic fold
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**thyroid cartilage**
forms a deep trough, which is open dorsally. The **rostral cornu** articulates with the thyrohyoid bone; the **caudal cornu** articulates with the caudal aspect of the cricoid cartilage. Ventrally, the caudal border is notched by a median caudal **thyroid incisure.** The **cricothyroid ligament** attaches the caudal border to the ventral arch of the cricoid cartilage
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**rostral cornu of the thyroid cartilage**
articulates with the thyrohyoid bone
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caudal cornu
articulates with the caudal aspect of the cricoid cartilage
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**cricothyroid ligament**
attaches the caudal border of the thyroid cartilage (thyroid notch) to the ventral arch of the cricoid cartilage.
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cricoid cartilage
dorsal lamina and ventral arch
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arytenoid cartilage
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muscular process
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vocal process
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vocal fold
attached between the vocal process of the arytenoid and the midventral part of the thyroid cartilage.
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corniculate process
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cuneiform process
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**vestibular folds**
extends between the thyroid cartilage ventrally and the ventral portion of the cuneiform process dorsally and forms the **rostral boundary of the laryngeal ventricle**
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laryngeal ventricle
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glottis
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glottic cleft
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**cricothyroid muscle**
from the cricoid cartilage to the thyroid lamina. It **tenses the vocal fold** indirectly by drawing the ventral parts of the cricoid and thyroid cartilages together. innervated by the **cranial laryngeal nerve, a branch of the vagus**
160
**cricoarytenoideus dorsalis**
arises from the **dorsolateral surface of the cricoid cartilage** and inserts on the **muscular process** on the lateral surface of the arytenoid cartilage. It rotates the arytenoid so that the vocal process moves laterally, **opening the glottis**. It is the only laryngeal muscle that functions primarily to open the glottis.
innervated by the **caudal laryngeal nerve from the recurrent laryngeal nerve.**
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Cranial laryngeal nerve (sensory)
laryngeal mucosa rostral to vocal folds
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sensory from Caudal (from recurrent) laryngeal nerve
laryngeal mucosa caudal to vocal folds
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motor from Caudal (from recurrent) laryngeal nerve (br. of vagus n.)
Innervates all intrinsic laryngeal muscles except the cricothyroid muscle
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motor from Cranial laryngeal nerve
innervates cricothyroid muscle
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green
**cricoarytenoideus lateralis muscle**
Origin: ventrolateral aspect of cricoid cartilage
Insertion: muscular process of arytenoid cartilage
Action: rotates arytenoid cartilage and vocal fold into
the airway
Innervation: caudal laryngeal n.
166
orange
. **cricoarytenoideus dorsalis muscle**
Origin: dorsal lamina of cricoid cartilage
Insertion: muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage
Action: rotates arytenoid cartilage and vocal fold out of airway.
Innervation: caudal laryngeal n. from the recurrent laryngeal n.
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blue
**thyroarytenoideus muscle (vocalis and ventricularis)**
Origin: thyroid cartilage
Insertion: arytenoid cartilage
Action: relax the vocal fold and constrict the glottic opening.
Innervation: caudal laryngeal n.
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vocal ligament (rostral border of vocalis)
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auricular cartilage
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helix
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anthelix and tragus
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marginal cutaneous sac
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pretragic incisure
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annular cartilage
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**temporalis muscle**
arises from the temporal fossa and inserts on the coronoid process of the mandible. function to close the mouth. innervated by the **mandibular nerve,** a branch of trigeminal nerve (CNV).
176
```
**masseter muscle**
arises from the zygomatic arch, where its deep portion is intermingled with the fibers of the temporal muscle. It inserts in the masseteric fossa, the ventrolateral surface of the ramus of the mandible, and the angular process.
function to **close the mouth.** innervated by the **mandibular nerve**, a branch of trigeminal nerve (CNV).
```
177
**medial and lateral pterygoid muscles**
pterygopalatine fossa and insert on the medial surface and caudal margin of the ramus of the mandible and **angular process,** ventral to the insertion of the temporal muscle. function to **close the mouth.** innervated by the **mandibular nerve**, a branch of trigeminal nerve (CNV)
178
**digastricus**
arises from the **paracondylar process** of the occipital bone and is inserted on the **body of the mandible**. function: **open the mouth**. **rostral portion** is innervated by the **mandibular nerve** (a branch of the trigeminal, CNV),whereas the **caudal belly is innervated by the facial nerve (CN7).**
179
**styloglossus**
arises from the stylohyoid bone, passes rostroventrally lateral to the palatine tonsil, and inserts in the middle of the tongue. retracts and **elevates the tongue**. innervated: **hypoglossal nerve (CN12)**
180
**hyoglossus**
thyrohyoid and the basihyoid and passes into the root of the tongue. It lies medial to the styloglossus and r**etracts and depresses the tongue.** innervated: **hypoglossal nerve (CN12)**
181
**genioglossus**
arises from the intermandibular articulation and adjacent surface of the body of the mandible. It joins its fellow at the median plane and is bounded medially by the geniohyoideus and laterally by the hyoglossus. Its caudal fibers **protrude the tongue,** and its rostral ones **retract the apex**. innervated: **hypoglossal nerve (CN12)**
182
* *sternohyoideus**
origin: sternum and first costal cartilage, insert: basihyoid bone.
Function: swallowing.
innervated: ventral branches of cervical spinal nerves and the hypoglossal nerve (CN12)
183
**thyrohyoideus**
extends from the thyroid cartilage of the larynx to the thyrohyoid bone.
Function: swallowing
innervated: ventral branches of cervical spinal nerves and the hypoglossal nerve (CN12)
184
* *mylohyoideus**
origin: medial surface of the body of the mandible
inserts: midventral raphe of the intermandibular space and the basihyoid
function: sling to support the tongue
innervated: mandibular nerve of the trigeminal (CN5)
185
**geniohyoideus**
lies deep to the mylohyoideus. arises on and adjacent to the intermandibular articulation. It parallels its fellow along the median plane and attaches to the basihyoid. **draws the hyoid apparatus and larynx rostrally.** innervated by the **hypoglossal nerve (CN12).**
186
periorbita
187
nerve innervation of eye muscle
188
external fibrous coat of the eye
189
junction between cornea and sclera
limbus
190
another name for middle layer of the eye
uvea
191
parts of the middle of the eye
choroid, ciliary body and iris
192
junction between choroid and ciliary body
ora serrate
193
back of the eye seen with ophthalmoscope
fundus
194
tapetum lucidum
The light-colored, reflective area in the dorsal part of the fundus of the choroid. This is a specialized layer of cells in the choroid behind the retina that reflects light rays. there is no pigment in the layer of retina cells that cover this area
195
**Ciliary processes**
internal surface of the ciliary body is marked by longitudinal folds. do not attach to the lens
196
**zonule**
suspensory apparatus of the lens. It is composed of numerous fine strands, zonular fibers, which pass from the region of the ora serrata along the ciliary processes to the equator of the lens.
197
transparent jelly like, that fills the back chamber behind the lens
vitreous body
198
chamber behind the lens
vitreous chamber
199
\_\_\_ fills the space between the cornea and lens
aqueous humor
200
path of aqueous humor
fills the space between the cornea and the lens. produced by the cililary epithelium covering the **ciliary processes**. drained through a **trabecular meshwork** at the **iridoconeal angle** where is passes into the venous system via the **scleral sinus**
201
internal layer of the eye
retina
202
retina in back of the eye
**pars optica retinae**
portion of the retina con- taining the light-sensitive rods and cones, the bipolar cells, and the ganglion cells. It covers the internal surface of the choroid from the point where the prechias- matic optic tract enters to the level of the ciliary body.
203
retina behind ciliary body
pars ciliaris retinae
204
retina behind the iris
pars iridica retinae
205
brown black part of the retina
nontapetal area
206
where optic nerve comes into the eye
optic disk
207
veins we have to know
208
CN7
```
Facial Nerve (CN7)
branches into auriculopalpebral nerve, ventral buccal and dorsal buccal.
```
jugular-stylomastoid foramen.
innervates: superficial muscles of the head, caudal belly of the digastricus and the platysma of the neck
209
thyroid gland
contains internal and external parathyroid
210
arteries in the face
211
medial retropharyngeal lymph nodes
212
the internal carotid artery branches off the ___ at the \_\_\_
common carotid
carotid sinus
213
carotid sinus
enlargment where the internal carotid artery comes off the common. a baroreceptor. (The carotid body, a chemoreceptor, lies at the bifurcation of the carotid arteries
214
branches of mandibular nerve
oval foramen.
branch into lingual, auriculotemporal and inferior alveolar
innervate muscles of mastication.
215
lingual nerve
**sensory.** branch of mandibular which is a branch of trigeminal (CN5). oval foramen
It is **sensory to the rostral two thirds of the tongue**. **Taste** (SVA) is via the **chorda tympani, a branch of facial nerve (CN7)**
216
inferior alveolar nerve
sensory.
branch of mandibular which is a branch of trigeminal (CN5).
oval foramen enters the **mandibular foramen** on the medial side of the ramus of the mandible. It courses through the mandibular canal, **supplying sensory nerves to the teeth**.
217
auriculotemporal nerve
sensory. branch of mandibular which is a branch of trigeminal (CN5). oval foramen
supplies **sensory branches to the skin of the external ear and the temporal, zygomatic, and masseteric regions**
218
CN1
sensory. special sensory fibers for smell (olfaction). axons pass through the cribriform plate and connect with neurons in the Olfactory bulb of the brain.
219
CN2
```
Optic nerve (CN2) prechiasmatic optic tract
special sensory information (Visual). optic canal
```
220
CN3
**oculomotor nerve (CN3)**
motor only. SE fibers exit the skull via the Orbital fissure and innervate the following extraocular muscles: dorsal rectus, medial rectus, ventral rectus, and ventral oblique. and the levator palebrae superioris. VE (parasympathetic): iris contract and pupillary constrictio (meiosis). ciliary ganglion. enlargement at the termination CN3 on the ventral surface of the middle of the optic nerve. This ganglion contains parasympathetic cell bodies of postganglionic axons that innervate the sphincter pupillae of the iris. VE (sympathetic): iris and pupil dilates
221
CN4
```
Trochlear nerve (CN4)
motor only and contains **only SE fibers**. orbital fissue and innervates the dorsal oblique muscle
```
222
CN 1
olfactory (sensory only)
## Footnote
special sensory information (Smell) to brain.
B.Sensory receptor **cell bodies are located in Olfactory mucosa of ethmoidal labyrinth.**
C.Their axons pass through the **cribriform plate** and connect with neurons in the Olfactory bulb of the brain.
D.**Cannot see the olfactory nerve fibers grossly-** they are small and unmyelinated.
E.Clinically, the olfactory nerve fibers can be damaged by head trauma leading to **Anosmia.** However, olfactory nerves can replace themselves.
223
CN 2
**optic nerve (prechiasmatic optic tract) (sensory)**
**optic canal**
A.special sensory: **visual**
B.The “optic nerve” originates from retinal ganglion cells, which are derived from the brain’s optic vesicle and not from the neural crest.
C. **Can not repair itself**
D.The ganglion cell axons in the "optic nerve" are not the axons of the visual sensory receptor neurons. The ganglion cells collect visual information from the **rods and cones** of the retina via the bipolar cells. The rods and cones which are the visual sensory receptor neurons project their axons to the brain through the Optic canal of the skull.
224
CN 3
oculomotor (motor) orbital fissure
## Footnote
A.Is Motor only: _Somatic efferents_ (SE) and _Visceral efferents_ (VE).
B.**SE fibers** exit the skull via the Orbital fissure and innervate the following extraocular muscles: **dorsal rectus, medial rectus, ventral rectus, and ventral oblique and the** **levator palpebrae superioris.**
D.**VE fibers** are part of the Cranial subdivision of the **Parasympathetic** (Craniosacral) Division of the Autonomic Nervous System.
E.The preganglionic VE nerve fibers of the oculomotor nerve synapse on postganglionic neurons in the **Ciliary ganglion** (a “Head” ganglion), which in turn send their postganglionic axons into the eye to innervate **pupillary sphincter muscles of the Iris and Ciliary body muscles.**
F.When stimulated the sphincter muscles of the Iris contract and **cause pupillary constriction (miosis).**
G.The Ciliary body muscles when stimulated cause the lens to become more convex (rounder), shortening the focal length, and accommodating for **close-up vision**.
H.**Sympathetic fibers** from the Cranial Cervical ganglion innervate pupillary dilator muscles of the iris and when stimulated **dilate the pupil.**
225
CN 4
trochlear (motor) orbital fissure
## Footnote
A.Is Motor only: **only Somatic efferent (SE) fibers.**
B.smallest
C.innervates the **dorsal oblique muscle.**
D.passes through the cartilagenous trochlea (pulley)
E.Only cranial nerve originating from the dorsal surface of the brain.
226
CN 4 contains what kinds of fiber
trochlear
motor only
**SE fibers only** to the dorsal oblique eye muscle
227
CN3 contains what kind of fibers
oculomotor
motor only
**SE and VE**
SE to eye muscles
VE: to eye: **parasympathetic:** pupil contracts and close up vision
**sympathetic:** pupil dilate
228
what kind of nerve fibers does CN 1 have
olfactory
sensory only
**special sensory for smell**
229
what kind of nerve fibers does CN2 have?
optic nerve
## Footnote
**special sensory only: sight**
230
CN 5
**trigeminal (motor and sensory)**
**Ophthalmic:** oribital fissure (SA only-sensory)
**Maxillary:** rostral alar foramen (SA only-sensory)
**Mandibular:** oval foramen (SA and SE- motor and sensory)
**SA:** sensory from face and head
**SE:** mastication muscles: masseter, temporalis and rostral belly of the digastricus
231
CN 5 has what type of fibers?
both sensory and motor
**SA:** sensory from face and head **(all three branches- opthalmic, maxillary and mandibular)**
**SE:** mastication muscles: masseter, temporalis and rostral belly of the digastricus **(only mandibular has motor)**
232
branches of trigeminal
**Ophthalmic**= Orbital fissure
**Maxillary**= Rostral Alar foramen→ maxillary formamen → i**nfraorbital nerve** → infraorbital formamen
**Mandibular**= Oval foramen, **auriculotemporal, inferior alveolar, lingual**
233
CN 6
abducent, orbital fissure (motor)
**motor only: SE only**
**SE axons** exit the skull via the Orbital fissure and innervate lateral rectus and retractor bulbi muscles of the eye.
234
CN7
facial (both: motor and sensory) (stylomastoid formamen)
## Footnote
branches: auriculopalpebral, dorsal buccal and ventral buccal
B. fiber types: **SE; VE; SA; and Taste.**
C.**Motor axons (SE)** innervate muscles of facial expression (branchial arch origins), e.g. Orbicularis Oris, Orbicularis Oculi, and **caudal belly of Digastricus** and some superficial muscles of the ear.
D. **VE axons** contain **Parasympathetic fibers** (Cranial subdivision of the Cranial-sacral part of the Autonomic Nervous System):
- innervate **Lacrimal, Palatine, and Nasal** glands for lacrimation and mucosal secretion via the **pterygopalatine ganglion.**
- the **Mandibular and Sublingual Salivary** glands for salivation. via the **mandibular and sublingual ganglia,** respectively.
H. **Sympathetic innervation** to the above glands is via the sympathetic trunk, vagosympathetic trunk, and cranial cervical ganglia post-ganglionic axons. Sympathetic innervation of the above glands is generally **antagonistic** to the parasympathetic innervation.
I. **SA axons** provide sensory innervation to the **inside surface of the pinna** of the ear and are connected to pseudounipolar neurons in a sensory ganglion.
J. **Taste fibers** originate from taste receptors on the taste buds of the **rostral 2/3rds** of the tongue. Taste (gustatory) receptor cells connect to pseudounipolar neurons in a sensory ganglion that conduct taste information to the brain.
235
branches of CN7
facial: auriculopalpebral, dorsal buccal, ventral buccal
236
CN8
**vestibulocochlear (sensory only)**
special sensory: hearing and balance
A.The two different bundles of axons for auditory and vestibular senses are fused into one gross nerve.
B.Will not see this nerve grossly in this course because its two sensory organs, the Cochlea (Hearing) and SemiCircular Canals (Balance) are contained within one of the densest bones of the skull, the petrous part of the temporal bone.
237
what kind of fibers does CN 8 have
vestibulocochlear
sensory only
special sensory: hearing and balance
238
CN 9
glossopharyngeal (jugular → tympano-occipital fissure) (both- motor and sensory)
## Footnote
B. fiber types: SA,VA,SE, VE, and Taste.
C. **SA axons:** sensory innervation to skin of the external auditory meatus/canal.
D. **VA axons:** mucosa of caudal tongue and pharynx (involved with the **gag reflex**) and the carotid sinus/carotid body for, respectively, **blood pressure and chemoreception** (pO2 and pCO2).
E. **SE axons:** muscles of pharynx and soft palate for **swallowing.** These muscles are branchiomeric in origin.
F. **VE axons** of the Cranial subdivision of the Parasympathetic (Cranio-sacral) Division of the Autonomic Nervous System innervate the **Parotid and Zygomatic salivary** glands to produce salivary secretion.
G. sympathetic innervation to parotid and zygomatic salivary glands
H.**Taste fibers:** caudal 1/3rd of the tongue.
239
what kind of fibers does CN 9 have
glossopharyngeal (jugular → tympano-occipital fissure) (both- motor and sensory)
## Footnote
B. fiber types: SA,VA,SE, VE, and Taste.
C. **SA axons:** sensory innervation to skin of the external auditory meatus/canal.
D. **VA axons:** mucosa of caudal tongue and pharynx (involved with the **gag reflex**) and the carotid sinus/carotid body for, respectively, **blood pressure and chemoreception** (pO2 and pCO2).
E. **SE axons:** muscles of pharynx and soft palate for **swallowing.**
F. **VE axons:** parasympathetic and sympathetic: **Parotid and Zygomatic salivary**
H.**Taste fibers:** caudal 1/3rd of the tongue.
240
CN 10
vagus (jugular → tympano-occipital fissure) (both- 80% are sensory)
## Footnote
**fiber types**: SA,VA,SE,VE, and Taste.
E. **SA axons:** skin of the auditory canal.
F. **VA axons:** pharynx, larynx, trachea, esophagus, and thoracic and abdominal viscera and have their pseudounipolar neurons located within the **Distal Vagal sensory ganglion.**
I. **SE axons:** muscles of the pharynx, larynx, and esophagus for **swallowing, respiration, and vocalization.**
J. **VE axons:** Parasympathetic to thoracic and abdominal viscera.
K. **Taste receptor** for the **pharynx and epiglottis** and connect with pseudounipolar neurons in a sensory ganglion that conducts taste information to the brain.
241
what kind of fibers does CN10 have
**fiber types**: SA,VA,SE,VE, and Taste.
E. **SA axons:** skin of the auditory canal.
F. **VA axons:** pharynx, larynx, trachea, esophagus, and thoracic and abdominal viscera
I. **SE axons:** muscles of the pharynx, larynx, and esophagus for **swallowing, respiration, and vocalization.**
J. **VE axons:** Parasympathetic to thoracic and abdominal viscera.
K. **Taste receptor** for the **pharynx and epiglottis**
242
CN 11
accessory (foramen magnum→ tympano-occipital fissure) (motor)
motor: SE only
B. **SE axons:** trapezius, omotransversarius, cleidocervicalis, and sternocephalicus.
C. **Weird route:** Its fibers exit the first five or six cervical spinal cord segments midway between the dorsal and ventral root attachments of these cervical spinal cord segments. The exiting spinal accessory nerve fibers then ascend along the lateral surface of the spinal cord as the spinal accessory nerve, passing through the foramen magnum. The spinal accessory nerve continues to ascend to where the vagus nerve attaches to the brain. The accessory nerve then turns laterally and exits the Jugular foramen and Tympano-Occipital fissure of the skull along with the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves. The spinal accessory nerve then travels down the neck adjacent to the omotransversarius muscle to innervate the aforementioned neck and forelimb muscles
243
what kinds of fibers does CN11 have
accessory
motor only: SE only: (BOTS) trapezius, omotransversarius, cleidocervicalis, and sternocephalicus.
244
CN 12
hypoglossal nerve (hypoglossal canal) motor
**SE only:** tongue muscles assisting swallowing, mastication, and vocalization
245
CN12 has what types of fibers
hypoglossal
**SE only:** tongue muscles assisting swallowing, mastication, and vocalization
246
* *distal ganglion of the vagus**
sensory. located dorsal to this separation and caudal to the cranial cervical ganglion. The distal ganglion contains the cell bodies of the visceral afferent neurons that are distributed to most of the viscera of the body
247
vagosympathetic spilts into what
**Cranial cervical ganglion**
visceral motor: This is the most cranial group of cell bodies of sympathetic postganglionic axons. These axons are distributed to the smooth muscles and glands of the head via blood vessels and other nerves.
## Footnote
**distal ganglion of vagus**
248
\_\_ branches off the distal ganglion of the vagus and innervates \_\_
**Cranial laryngeal nerve**
leaves the vagus nerve at the distal ganglion and passes ventrally to the larynx, where it supplies the **cricothyroid muscle and the sensory to laryngeal mucosa rostral to vocal folds**
249
caudal laryngeal innervates \_\_\_
Innervates all intrinsic laryngeal muscles except the cricothyroid muscle
## Footnote
laryngeal mucosa caudal to vocal folds
250
types of meninges
dura mater
arachnoid
pia mater
251
fold of dura that extends down into the
space between the left and right cerebral hemispheres
falx cerebri
252
In the vertebral canal the dura mater is separated from the vertebrae by loose connective tissue in the \_\_\_
epidural space
253
innermost ___ adheres directly to the outer surface of the brain and spinal cord.
pia mater
254
The \_\_\_lies between the dura mater and pia mater.
arachnoid
255
In the living animal the space between the pia mater and arachnoid, the \_\_\_, is filled with \_\_\_
sub arachnoid space
CSF (cerebrospinal fluid)
256
what supplies blood to the brain
cerebral arterial circle
internal carotid
basilar artery
257
venous sinus in the falx cerebri
dorsal sagittal sinus
258
\_\_\_ sinus lies on either side of the pituitary
cavernous sinus
259
two enlargements on the spinal cord
cervical intumescence
lumbar intumescence
260
end of the spinal cord
cauda equina
