Test 2: lecture heart

Question 1

two modes of transport of blood in the body

Answer 1

diffusion

passive, over short distances

bulk flow

active, rapid flow over long distances

Question 2

components of the CV system

Answer 2

heart

vasculature

blood

lymphatics

associated organs: spleen, kidney, bone marrow, liver

Question 3

pulmonary circuit

Answer 3

right side of heart to the lungs to the left side of the heart

blood flows “in series” (A-B-C-D)

Question 4

systemic circuit of blood flow

Answer 4

blood flow everywhere other then lungs

blood flows in “parallel” (go through different capillary beds in the body)

venous side =volume reservoir

arterial side = pressure reservoir

Question 5

why have blood flow in parallel in the systemic circuit

Answer 5

freshest blood to each organ- blood will divide evenly from the right side of heart to different organs.

Not all blood goes to every organ, splits up the task to ensure oxygen gets everywhere

Question 6

heart slants to the ___ side

Answer 6

left

Question 7

functions of pericardium

Answer 7

protect against friction

anchor the heart

act as a barrier against the spread of disease

Question 8

layers of the pericardium

Answer 8

visceral pericardium

pericardiac cavity

parietal pericardium

fibrous tissue layer of the parietal pericardium

all of this is surrounded by the

mediastinal parietal pleura

visceral pleura

Question 9

the lung pleura

Answer 9

visceral pleura

parietal pleura (costal, diaphragmatic, mediastinal)

Question 10

the two mediastinal parietal pleura of the left and right side make a space in which the heart lives called the ___

Answer 10

mediastinum

Question 11

what is the ligament that holds the pericardium to the sternum?

Answer 11

sternopericardial ligament

Question 12

Answer 12

Question 13

Answer 13

Question 14

a fish has a ___ chambered heart

Answer 14

2

Question 15

amphibians have a ___ chambered heart

Answer 15

3

Question 16

___ have a smaller heart in proportion to body size

Answer 16

pigs

Question 17

blood flow through the heart

Answer 17

vana cave→ right atrium through the right AV valve→ right ventricle (pulmonary valve) → pulmonary arteries → lungs → pulmonary veins → left atrium (Left AV valve) → left ventricle → aortic valve → body

Question 18

what are some factors that are important for blood flow through the heart

Answer 18

unidirectional

decrease turbulance

Question 19

AV valve are tethered by ___ to ___

Answer 19

chordae tendinaea

papillary muscles

Question 20

chordae tendineae are found in what type of valves and why?

Answer 20

prevent valve from flapping open

AV valve (tricuspid right side and bicuspid or mitral on the left side)

Question 21

the right AV valve is called the ___

Answer 21

tricuspid valve

Question 22

the left AV valve is called the ___

Answer 22

mitral or bicuspid valve

Question 23

semilunar valves are found ___

Answer 23

between the ventricles and arteries

aortic and pulmonary

Question 24

which valves in the heart do not have chordae tendineae?

Answer 24

semilunar (pulmonary and aortic)

pressure is less, do not need to be anchored

Question 25

\_\_\_ directs blood from the vena cave ventrally towards the AV valves

Answer 25

intervenous tubercle

Question 26

trabeculae carneae are found within the ___ and are used to \_\_\_

Answer 26

ventricle walls reduce turbulence

Question 27

cardiac skeleton

Answer 27

encircles valve openings and separates atria from ventricles serves as an **attachment site** for valves and cardiac muscle

Question 28

parts of the cardiac skeleton can ___ especially in cows

Answer 28

ossify (trigone)

Question 29

\_\_\_ provide a shortcut in conduction pathways in the heart

Answer 29

trabecula septomarginalis | (moderator bands)

Question 30

electrical activity in cardiac muscle is \_\_\_

Answer 30

myogenic

Question 31

in a normal heart beat, action potentials are initiated at the ___ node and travel \_\_\_

Answer 31

SA (sinoatrial node) AV node down apex to perkinge fibers

Question 32

blood supply can be divided into two

Answer 32

nutritional blood: serves to nourish organ functional blood: involved with the organ's function

Question 33

what is the nutritional blood supply or the heart vs its function blood supply

Answer 33

coronary arteries vena cava and pulmonary veins

Question 34

what is the nutritional blood supply or the lungs vs its function blood supply

Answer 34

bronchial arteries pulmonary arteries

Question 35

what is the nutritional blood supply or the liver vs its function blood supply

Answer 35

hepatic artery portal vein

Question 36

the groove between the ventricles on the front of the heart is the \_\_\_

Answer 36

paraconal groove

Question 37

the groove between the ventricles on the back of the heart is the \_\_\_

Answer 37

subsinuosal groove

Question 38

path of left coronary artery in left dominant heart

Answer 38

left coronary artery divides into paraconal interventricular branch and the circumflex branch which travels to back side of the heart and leads down into the subsinuosal interventricular branch

Question 39

what kind of animal has a left dominant heart?

Answer 39

ruminants and carnivore left coronary artery → subsinuosal interventricular branch

Question 40

what kind of animal has a right dominant heart?

Answer 40

horses and pigs right coronary artery → subsinuosal interventricular branch

Question 41

\_\_\_ is determined by the coronary artery that supplies the subsinuosal interventricular branch

Answer 41

coronary dominance | (left or right)

Question 42

\_\_\_ arteries feed the heart

Answer 42

coronary arteries

Question 43

vasculature helps:

Answer 43

regulate blood pressure transport substances throughout the body aids in homeostasis

Question 44

how does vasculature help with homeostasis?

Answer 44

temperature and water balance, will expand or contract to keep things in or allow things to leave

Question 45

arterial vessels will have more ___ then veins

Answer 45

smooth muscle

Question 46

\_\_\_ supplies blood to walls of large vessels

Answer 46

vasa vasorum

Question 47

\_\_\_ is returned to the blood stream via the thoracic and right lymphatic duct

Answer 47

lymph

Question 48

Lymph is picked up throughout the body and returns to blood stream at the \_\_\_

Answer 48

caudal vena cava

Question 49

tumor in lymphatic return would lead to

Answer 49

edema (fluid buildup)

Question 50

what is countercurrent exchange

Answer 50

vessels going in opposite direction will help each other temperature conservation, solute balance, local hormone signaling

Question 51

\_\_\_ tissue is found in erectile tissue

Answer 51

cavernous tissue (fills and expands\_ with blood supply)

Question 52

explain portal system

Answer 52

blood travels from one capillary bed straight to another capillary bed without first returning to the heart/pulmonary circuit wants to carry nutrients/waste from one bed to another carries stuff to the liver to be cleaned before returning to the heart

Question 53

Portal system: Blood travels from one ___ straight to another with first returning to the heart/pulmonary circuit

Answer 53

capillary bed

Question 54

why have vascular anastomoses?

Answer 54

back up systems, in case one gets cut off