Test 2 lecture digestive Flashcards by jillian Bastidas

digestive system functions

receives, stores, breaks down, absorbs and holds and eliminate wastes

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accessory tissues of the digestive tract

liver

pancreas

salivary glands

other organs:

spleen, kidneys, adrenal glands

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the liver main function is the ___

metabolism of proteins, carbs and fats

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the pancreas has ___ and ___ functions

endocrine and exocrine (enzymes)

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The salivary glands produce___

mucous enzymes

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another name for the stomach

ventriculus or gaster

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functions of the stomach

retention and digestion due to HCL and enzymes

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the ___ is the principle organ of digestion and absorption in most specied

small intestine

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Large intestine is made of the ___

cecum, colon, rectum

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the main function of the ___ is the absorption of water and electrolytes, storage of feces and fermentation of unabsorbed and undigested ingesta

large intestine

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carnivorous digestive tract

pancreas and protein break down proteins and fat

simple stomach

short simple intestinal tract

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omnivorous digestive tract

mixture of food types

simple stomach and small intestine

expanded large intestine

(pigs)

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herbivorous digestive diet is __

lower nutritive valve, therefore needs increased volume to try to get enough nutrients

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herbivorous diets are less digestible and made of ___

cellulose, complex carbs

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complex carbs in a herbivorous diet can only be utilized if first broken down by ___ in a process called ___

microorganisms

microbial fermentation

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the breakdown of complex carbs by microorganisms is a slow process called ___ in a large chamber(s) which hold ingesta for this process

microbial fermentation

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herbivores can be ___ or ___ fermentors

foregut (cow- rumen)

hindgut (horse)

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foregut fermenter generally have:

large divided stomach

rumination

intermittent feeders

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a cow has a stomach with ___ chambers:

four

reticulum

rumen

omasum

abomasum

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examples of 4 chambered stomach animals

cow, goats and sheep, deer, giraffe, antelope

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___ are foregut fermenters that have a 4 chamber stomach

ruminantia

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___ are forgut fermentors with three chambered stomachs

tylopodia

reticulum, rumen, abomasum (no omasum)

cardiac glands in wall of rumen and reticulum

(camel, llame, alpaca)

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what is different between a ruminantia and tylopodia?

ruminantia (reticulum, rumen, omasum, abomasum)

tylopodia (reticulum, rumen, abdomasum) no omasum, cardiac glands in wall of rumen and reticulum

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the ruminant foregut can be divided into two sections

forestomach (proventriculus)

cellulose and carb breakdown

rumen, reticulum, omasum

“true stomach” ventriculus

abomasum

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the rumen, reticulum and omasum of a ruminant is called the \_\_\_

forestomach (proventriculus)

the abomasum of a ruminant is called the \_\_\_

true stomach (ventriculus)

in the ruminant stomach which section is the biggest?

rumen

\_\_\_ are large chambers that allow for soaking, mixing and fermentation by bacteria and protozoa

rumen and reticulum

in ruminants: entrance of the esophagus is located dorsal to the ___ fold

ruminoreticular

in the ruminoreticular compartment, dorsally where there is gas production that has lots of ___ on the lining mucosa

papilla

in the ruminoreticular compartment, ventrally there is ___ on the lining mucosa

less irregular mucosal lining

In the ruminoreticular compartment, absorption of what occurs?

volatile fatty acids, important for digestion

reticular groove has a reflex to divert ingesta \_\_\_

beyond the rumioreticular compartment (skip/ go quickly through rumen and recticulum to get to “true stomach faster”)

the reflex to divert ingesta beyond the ruminorecticular compartment is stronger in ___ than \_\_\_

unweaned animals adults (stimulated by ADH)

the reflex to divert ingesta beyond the ruminoreticular compartment is initiated when receptors in the **\_\_\_** and **\_\_\_** are stimulated. **This is innervated by the** \_

mouth and pharynx dorsal vagus nerve

\_\_\_ happens in the ruminoreticular

stratification gas→ solid→ slurry → liquidy/broken up zones

omasum in a cow is shaped like a \_\_\_

big muscular ball very round

in small ruminants the omasum is ___ shaped

bean-shaped

in the omasum, ingesta is squeezed between \_\_\_

many mucosal folds

absorption of fluids happens in which section of the ruminant stomach?

omasum

\_\_\_ of the ruminant stomach is similar to the \_\_\_

simple stomach

the abomasum secrets \_\_\_

Hcl and enzymes

in a neonatal calf __ of the total volume of the ruminant stomach is the abomasum

50%

motility of the different sections of the ruminant stomach

**Reticulum motility** Biphasic or triphasic 1-2 contractions/min. **Rumen motility** Uniphasic or biphasic 1-2 contractions/min. **Omasum motility** Slow **Abomasum motility** Sluggish contractions

the 4 Rs of rumination

rumination regurgitation re-mastication re-insalivation re-deglutition

redeglutition is \_\_\_

re-swallowing of cud in a ruminant

regurgitation is caused by ___ intraesophageal pressure. Due to forced inspiration with a ___ glottis

decreased closed

reverse ___ in the esophagus helps with regurgitation

peristalsis

another name for burping

eructation

\_\_\_ liter of gas/minute produced in the ruminoreticulum of a dairy cow

0.5-1

primary stimulus for ___ is gas in the dorsal sac of the rumen

eructation (burping)

a cow will burp every \_\_\_

2 cycles of ruminoreticular contractions

what is special about the stomach of a kangaroo?

**sacculations and longitudinal bands** similar to ascending part of the large intestine of the horse stomach has 3 parts: sacciform forestomach, tubiform forestomach, hindstomach

hindgut fermenters

horse grazers simple stomach enlarged jejunum, cecum, and large intestine

\_\_\_ segment of the colon of a horse is greatly enlarged

ascending segment has sacculations (haustra) and bands (formed by concentration of external longitudinal muscle and elastic fibers → teniae

another name for sacculations

haustra

what part of the horse digestive system has sacculations

cecum, ventral colon and descending colon

the bands on the ascending colon of a horse are made by \_\_\_

also called teniae external longitudinal muscle and elastic fibers

what blood vessel supplies the intestine

cranial mesenteric

the enlarged jejunum, cecum, large intestine in a horse is good for digesting ___ and \_\_\_

cellulose and carbohydrates

what part of the horse digestive system is banded

colon

perissadoactyls

**hindgut ferementers** horses, rhinoceros, tapirs

lagomorpha

rabbits hind gut fermenters

the cecum is found on the ___ side of the horse

right

route of food through horse:

duodenum, jejunum, and ileum cecum, right ventral colon, ventral diaphragmatic flexure, left ventral colon, pelvic flexure, left dorsal colon, dorsal diaphragmatic flexure, right dorsal colon transverse colon descending colon

what innervates the digestive system

paraysympathetic (rest and digest) dorsal and ventral vagus nerve

\_\_\_ is complete paralysis of the rumen

dorsal vagotomy

blood supply of the digestive tract depends on species

celiac artery, cranial mesenteric artery, caudal mesenteric artery

colic

twisting of the digestive tract that leads to abdominal pain

pigs have what type of digestive system

hindgut

kidneys produce what two hormones

**renin**, which plays a vital role in the regulation of systemic blood pressure, and **erythropoietin,** which influences erythropoiesis.

bovine kidney

In structure the bovine kidneys are of the multipyramidal type, The separate medullary pyramids are capped by a continuous cortex, which appears fragmented by fissures extending inward from its surface. The cortex (Fig. 28.27/4) is clothed in a tough capsule that is easily stripped from the healthy organ, except toward the hilus, where it blends with the wall of the ureter. The cortical and medullary regions are distinguishable in gross sections by the much lighter color of the former and by the cut vessels that mark their mutual boundary. The glomerular vascular tufts scattered through the cortex may be visible to the naked eye. The apex (papilla; Fig. 28.27/3) of each medullary pyramid fits into **a calyx or cup formed** by one of the terminal branches of the ureter; these branches eventually unite to form two major channels that converge from the cranial and caudal poles to yield a single ureter (see Fig. 5.23). **There is thus no large central** **expansion corresponding to a renal pelvis.**