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21 fall: Anatomy > lecture 2 skeleton > Flashcards

lecture 2 skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

some functions of skeleton

A

provide framework
allows motion through joints
provides muscle leverage
protects organs

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2
Q

axial skeleton

A

skull
vertebra
ribs

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3
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

scapular and arms

pelvis and legs

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4
Q

skeletal tissues are derived from

A

connective tissue

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5
Q

skeletal tissue

A

some are non-mineralized (lack hydroxyapatite)

  • notochord
  • cartilage

Some are mineralized
(have hydroxyapatite)
-calcified cartilage
-bone

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6
Q

mineral that allows for mineralization

A

hydroxyapatite

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7
Q

describe notochord

A

non mineralized (no hydroxyapatite)

source of developmental signaling

in vertebrates, becomes nucleus pulposus in each intervetebral disc

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8
Q

what does notochord turn into in vertebrate adults

A

nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disc

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9
Q

Cartilage

A

non mineralized (lack hydroxyapatite)

composed of

  • gel matrix (chondromucoprotein and water)
  • collagen or elastic fibers
  • chondrocytes (cartilage cells)

no blood supply or innervation

flexible

easy to injure, difficult to reapir

growth tissue in fetus and juvenile

in adults- ears, nose, larynx and joints

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10
Q

cartilage cells

A

chondrocytes

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11
Q

gel matrix of cartilage is made of

A

chondromucoproteins and water

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12
Q

where is cartilage in adults

A

ears, nose, larynx and joints

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13
Q

Calcified Cartilage

A

mineralized (hydroxyapetite in gel matrix)
-tissue hard, brittle and opaque

unorganized microstructure
-minerals added randomly between cartilage cells

stronger than cartilage

transitional tissue

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14
Q

where is calcified cartilage found

A

shark vertebrae
horse larynx
deepest articular cartilage

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15
Q

calcified cartilage is stronger than ___ but harder to heal because ___

A

cartilage

hydroxyapetite blocks diffusion of things needed to heal area

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16
Q

Bone is made of

A

organic and inorganic components

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17
Q

organic components of bone

A

osteroids

  • type 2 collagen and bone matrix proteins
  • hormone osteocalcin
  • 20-25% bone weight
cells
-some from mesenchyme 
=osteocytes
=osteoblasts
-some from hematopoietic tissue
-osteoclasts
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18
Q

type of bone cell from mesenchyme

A

osteocytes

osteoblasts

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19
Q

types of bones cells from hematopoietic tissue

A

osteoclasts- break down bone

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20
Q

type of cells that break down bone

A

osteoclasts

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21
Q

type of cells that create bone

A

osteoblasts

Osteoblasts are specialized mesenchymal cells that synthesize bone matrix and coordinate the mineralization of the skeleton

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22
Q

inorganic components of bone

A

hydroxyapatite

  • how bones mineralize
  • 60-70% of bone weight

Water

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23
Q

Bone only grows at ___ and is ___ throughout life

A

at surface

remodeled

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24
Q

Bone has a nerve and blood supply that travels through ___

A

haversian canals

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25
minerals that are reserved in bone
Calcium Phosphorous Potassium
26
making of blood cells in ___ inside bone core is called ___
red marrow | hematopoiesis
27
during growth, red marrow is ___ by fat and becomes ___
replaced yellow marrow
28
What hormone does bone release
osteocalcin
29
what does osteocalcin do
- insulin regulation - brain development and function - testosterone formation and release
30
round layered formation of bone
osteon
31
layers of an osteon
lamellae
32
small cellular processes that connect osteocytes to each other
canaliculi
33
4 shapes of bones
long short flat irregular
34
example of long bone
limb bones | humerus, radius, ulna
35
long bones
cylindrical act as levers form from 3 centers of ossification (one diaphysis, 2 epiphyses)
36
short bones example and define
carpal and tarsal form from single center of ossification
37
Flat bones | example and define
expand in two directions skull, scapula, pelvis
38
grooves
sulci
39
bumps
tubercles and tuberosities
40
shaft of bone
diaphysis
41
contains the growth plate
metaphysis
42
end of bone
epiphysis important for stabilized joints during growth
43
growth plate
physis cartilaginous present while bone is growing
44
spongy bone
trabeceular
45
where blood is formed
medullary cavity (marrow cavity)
46
outer surface of bone
periosteum
47
descrive periosteum
- outer surface of bone - living tissue helping build and maintain bones - fibrous outer layer- fibers, elastin, vessels and nerves - inner osteogenic cell layer
48
thin membrane lining the marrow cavity
endosteum
49
little holes in osteons where bone cells called ___ live
lacunea osteocytes
50
network formed by osteocytes
mechanoreceptive syncytium
51
Bone gets ___% of total cardiac output
5-10%
52
large nutrient artery enters into the bone by ___ which is in the ___ of the bone
nutrient foramen diaphysis (shaft)
53
smaller vessels supply the ___ and ___ of bone
metaphysis (growth plate area) epiphysis (end of bone)
54
Will blood vessels cross the physis?
growth plate = physis no blood is separate during growth, ephiphyseal artery and main nutrient artery will connect after bone is done growing
55
explain endochondral bone growth
will use cartilage precursor first in diaphysis (shaft) later in epiphyses (ends of bone) at same time perichondrium will be replaces by periosteum on outer shaft of bone medulla cavity(marrow cavity) will form
56
some examples of endochondral bone
- axial skeleton ( vertebrae, ribs) - limbs - ventral braincase
57
perichondrium to periosteum will create __ on the __ of the bone
compact bone outer surface of the shaft of the
58
example of membrane/dermal bone growth
flat bones of skull
59
explain membrane bone growth
membrane=dermal bone growth - no cartilage precursor - trabeculae form directly in mesenchyme - bone grows outward - growth zone at edge of developing bone - derived from neural crest cells
60
growth zone of membrane bone is at the ___
sutures (edge of developing bone)
61
what is a sesamoid
bones that form within tendons
62
how do sesamoids help
- prevent muscle from deforming | - improve muscle leverage
63
BMU
basic multicellular units
64
what are BMU
basic multicellular units how bone is remodeled hormone osteocalcin determines - resorption by osteoclasts - replacement by active osteoblasts - resting- inactive osteoblasts
65
what type of bone cells eats bones
osteoclasts
66
entire skeleton is remodeled every ___ years
10
67
soft tissue structures that hold skeleton together
ligaments joint capsules menisci bursa
68
Describe ligaments
- bundles of connective tissue fibers - connect bones at joints - permits and limits motion bone to bone
69
describe joint capsules/synovial joints
found in synovial joints - synovial fluid - synovial membrane - fibrous outer layer - capsular ligaments
70
Describe Bursae
near joints but not part of joints - protective cushion - distinct from joint capsule - between bone and soft tissue
71
three types of joints
synovial fibrous cartilaginous
72
describe synovial joints
most mobile joint lubricated by synovial fluid - flat- only slide (inbetween carpals) - barrel/hinge- flex and extend (elbow) - pivot joints- shaking head (neck and head) - ball and socket- flex and extend, adduct and abduct, pivot and circumduct (shoulder) - saddle (in between carpals)
73
movement along a conical surface
circumduction
74
Describe fibrous joints
``` allows limited motion - bones joined by connective tissue - no synovial fluid 3 types -suture -syndesmoses -gomphosis ```
75
describe sutures
type of fibrous joint -connect membrane bones to each other bones of skull
76
describe syndesmoses
type of fibrous joint -connect endochdral bones to each other horse splint and cannon bones
77
describe gomphosis
type of fibrous joint connect tooth and jaw
78
describe cartilaginous joints
``` least mobile - bones are connected by cartilage two types -synchondrosis -symphysis ```
79
describe synchondrosis
type of cartilaginous joint connected by cartilage - growth plates - joints between ribs and sternum or skull and hyoid
80
describe symphysis
type of cartilaginous joint bones connected by connective tissue and cartilage Bone- cartilage - CT- cartilage- Bone pelvic, intervertebral and mandibular symphyses
81
bone is a ___ tissue with biologic functions ( ___ balance, ___ formation and ___ production)
bone is a living tissue with biologic functions ( mineral balance, blood formation and hormone production

21 fall: Anatomy (22 decks)

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