test 3: skull Flashcards
(90 cards)
1
Q
skull acts as shield for:
A
- Brain
- Special sense organs
- Cranial parts of the respiratory and digestive systems
- Provides attachments for many head and neck muscles
2
Q
•Jawless fishes (like lampreys) had/have gills with ___for support
A
cartilage gill bars (precursors of jaw)
3
Q
the cartilage of the cranium
A
chondrocranium
4
Q
___ become the jaws in jawed fish
A
first pair of gill bars
5
Q
in a shark the first pair of gill bars becomes
A
cartilage
turns to bone in bony fish and tetrapods
6
Q
the second pair of gill bars turn into ___
A
support for the jaw on the side of the cranium
7
Q
what bones make up the brain case?
A
endochondral bones (start as cartilage first)
occipital, sphenoid and ethmoid
8
Q
two types on bone in the skull
A
endochondral bones (cartilage first) -brain case: occipital, sphenoid and ethmoid
mesenchyme: dermal skull roof: roof, face and jaw
9
Q
bones of the ___ form directly from mesenchyme
A
dermal skull roof
10
Q
joints between dermal bones are called ___
A
sutures
11
Q
joints between brain case bones are called ___
A
synchondroses
12
Q
•When joints fuse (either kind) junction is called ___
A
synostosis
13
Q
__ is a soft spot on the skull
A
fontanella
where frontal and parietal meet
14
Q
2 and 7?
A
occipital condyle
tympanic bulla
15
Q
1 and 6
A
- orbit/eye socket
6: Zygomatic arch “Cheek bone”•Made by: •Zygomatic process of temporal bone•Zygomatic bone
16
Q
3,4,5
A
3. External naris •Nostril•Infraorbital canal•A bony canal that runs from orbit to face that transmits infraorbital artery and nerve•Maxillary foramen (entrance)
4: Infraorbital foramen (exit)
5: External acoustic meatus
17
Q
occipital condyle articulate with the ___
A
1st cervical vertebrae
atlas bone
18
Q
what makes up the zygomatic arch?
A
- Zygomatic process of temporal bone
- Zygomatic bone
19
Q
Y and P?
A
- Mastoid process (Y)•Mastoid muscle attachment•Hyoid attachment
- Paracondylar process (P)•“Jugular process” or “Paroccipital process”•Digastricus muscle origin•Neck muscle attachment
20
Q
D,H and Z
A
•Occipital surface (D)•
Tympanic Bulla (H)•
Occipital Condyle (Z)
21
Q
where does digastricus attach?
A
paracondylar process
22
Q
what kind of animal has a sagittal crest?
A
carnivore- large temporalis muscle- large bite force
23
Q
what kind of animal have temporal lines?
A
herbivore- small temporalis- big massester (grinding_
24
Q
origin of temporalis?
A
sagittal crest or temporal line or temporal fossa
25
dolichocephalic
long nose- has sagittal crest
26
mesaticephalic
middle sized- one sagittal crest
27
three structures that attach to mastoid process
* **Hyoid apparatus** via tympanohyoid cartilage
* **Sternocephalicus pars mastoideus**
* **Cleidocephalicus pars mastoideus**
28
what attaches at the paracondylar process
digastricus (jaw opening)
29
do horses have sagittal crest or temporal lines?
sagittal crest (weak)
and facial crest
30
do cows have sagittal crest or temporal lines
temporal lines and facial tuberosity
31
what is 2?
nasoincisive notch
32
1
cornual diverticulum of the frontal sinus
33
2
cornual process of the frontal bone
34
where does masseter attach in horses
zygomatic arch extended onto the facial crest
35
the cranial cavity is roofed by
frontal and parietal bones
36
the bottom of the cranial cavity is made of \_\_
occipital and sphenoid bones
37
the sides of the cranial cavity is made of
**squamous temporal**, **sphenoid**, and **ethmoid** bones
38
the frontal sinus of a goat
has rostal and caudal
caudal will extend up into the horn as the **cornual diverticulum of the frontal sinus**
39
the ventral boundary of the nasal cavity is \_\_\_
hard palate
horizontal shelf of the maxilla, palatine bone and incisive bone?
40
the nasal cavity is divided in half by the
cartilaginous nasal septum
41
the nasal cavity has two functions
respiration (horses)
olfaction/ chemosensation
42
the olfactory nerve exits the brain case through the \_\_
cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone
43
\_\_\_ are covered by olfactory epithelium
ethmoturbinals (spirals for smell)
44
scrolls of thin bone in the nasal septum
turbinate bones
45
the dorsal turbinate is an extension of \_\_\_
nasal bone
46
the ventral turbinate is an extension of the \_\_\_
maxillary bone
47
which nasal turbinate is more developed in horses?
dorsal
an extension of the nasal bone
48
which nasal turbinate is more developed in dogs?
ventral an extension of the maxilla
49
turbinates covered in mucosa are \_\_\_
conchae
50
purpose of conchae
* **Conchae** have *rich blood and nerve supply, mucous glands,* and *serous glands*
* High surface area
* Warm, humidify, filter inspired air
51
meatuses of the nasal cavity
* **Ventral meatus**•Between **ventral concha** and **hard palate**•Most direct passage to pharynx, larynx, trachea
* **Middle meatus**•Between **ventral concha** and **dorsal concha**
* **Dorsal meatus**•Between **dorsal concha** and **nasal bone**
* **Common meatus**•Between **both conchae** and **nasal septum**
52
which nasal meatus is for olfaction
dorsal meatus
53
which nasal meatus is for respiration
ventral and middle
54
•The **ventral meatus** continues directly *caudally* into the \_\_\_
***_nasopharynx_***
55
The nasopharynx lies \_\_\_to the soft palate
*dorsal*
56
the junction between the nasopharynx and the ventral meatus
choana (internal nostrils)
57
the caudal boundary of the oral cavity
•***Palatoglossal arch*** (7)•
\*\* **Oropharynx** is ***caudal*** to palatoglossal arch
58
food in the ___ cavity is under voluntary control
oral
59
5 salivary glands
* **Parotid**•Duct opens in vestibule near caudal edge of 4th upper premolar
* **Mandibular**•Duct on sublingual caruncle at base of frenulum
* **Zygomatic**•Duct in vestibule by last molar•\*\*Only in carnivores
* **Monostomatic Sublingual**•Duct with mandibular gland on caruncle
* **Polystomatic Sublingual**•Many tiny ducts in sublingual fold
60
which salivary gland is only found in carnivore?
zygomatic
61
what kind of salivary gland do horses not have?
monostomatic sublingual gland
62
where is the monostomatic sublinguql gland in ruminants?
rostral position
63
food in the oropharynx is under ___ control
ANS (autonomic)
swallowing or gagging
64
the rostral boundary of the oropharnx?
palatoglossal arch
65
incisive ducts lead through the ___ into the \_\_\_
palatine fissure
vomeronasal organ
66
vomeronasal organ
* **Small paired tubular organs**•Accessory olfactory (chemosensory) organ
* Sits on **floor of nasal cavity above hard palate** on **either side of nasal septum**•In beagles 25 mm long, 2 to 2.5 mm in breadth, height•In horses to 20 cm long
* Communicate with oral cavity via **nasopalatine** or **incisive duct**•Ducts pass through **palatine fissures** on skull on roof of mouth•Open on diamond-shaped **incisive papilla**
Associated with behavior called **Flehmen**
67
Flehmen
•Allows a male to determine the reproductive status of females
## Footnote
vomernasal organ
68
•In transition from water to land ___ **no longer required to support jaws**
***hyomandibula (2nd gill arch)-becomes stapes***
69
the hyomandibula becomes the
stapes (inner ear bone)
70
reptile jaws have many bones :
* Tooth-bearing **dentary**
* Post-dentary bones
71
•Reptile jaw joint between ___ bone of cranium and ___ bone of jaw
**quadrate**
**articular**
72
in mammals the __ becomes the malleus
articular
73
in mammals the __ becomes the incus
quadrate
74
auditory ossicles of a mammal
stapes, incus, malleus
75
jaw joint in a mammal vs reptile
mammal: temporal bone and dentary (mandible)
reptile (quadrate and articular bone of the jaw)
76
•The vomeronasal organ is important in ___ function
reproductive
77
•Mammals have \_\_\_middle ear ossicles (derived from reptilian-like jaw and ear bones)
three
78
***Hyomandibula***
jaw support bone of sharks that has become the stapes in modern animals
79
•**Small paired tubular organs**•Accessory olfactory (chemosensory) organ
vomernasal organ
80
vomernasal organ
•**Small paired tubular organs**•Accessory olfactory (chemosensory) organ•Sits on **floor of nasal cavity above hard palate** on **either side of nasal septum**•In beagles 25 mm long, 2 to 2.5 mm in breadth, height•In horses to 20 cm long•Communicate with oral cavity via **nasopalatine** or **incisive duct**•Ducts pass through **palatine fissures** on skull on roof of mouth•Open on diamond-shaped **incisive papilla**•Associated with behavior called **Flehmen** *(see next slide)*
81
\_\_\_ •Duct opens in vestibule near caudal edge of 4th upper premolar
parotid
82
\_\_\_ •Duct in vestibule by last molar
zygomatic
83
where does hyoid apparatus attach
mastoid process
84
articulate becomes
malleus
85
quadrate becomes \_\_
incus
86
jaw joint in reptiles
articulate and quadrate
87
piriform process
channel lying lateral to each aryepiglottic fold, food gutter
88
\_\_\_ caudal opening of the nasopharynx
intrapharyngeal ostium
89
joint between tooth and jaw
gomphosis
90
adductor sizes per food types
