Helminth (Enoplida)

Question 1

What order do the nematodes Enoplida belong to?

Answer 1

Enoplida

Question 2

What class do most nematodes discussed belong to?

Answer 2

Secernentea

Question 3

What is a key physical characteristic of Enoplida nematodes?

Answer 3

They do not have tails (the anus is terminal)

Question 4

What is an onchiostyle?

Answer 4

A little stylet present in the first-stage larvae of Enoplida

Question 5

How does the final host get infected in the case of Trichinelloidea?

Answer 5

By eating a first-stage larva

Question 6

What is the infective stage for Dioctophymatoidea?

Answer 6

Third-stage larva

Question 7

What is the scientific name of the giant kidney worm?

Answer 7

Dioctophyme renale

Question 8

What is the primary definitive host for Dioctophyme renale?

Answer 8

Mink

Question 9

What size can female Dioctophyme renale reach?

Answer 9

1 m in length and 1 cm in diameter

Question 10

How are eggs of Dioctophyme renale passed?

Answer 10

In urine in the one- or two-cell stage

Question 11

What type of worms are members of the family Robertdollfusidae related to?

Answer 11

Trichinelloidea

Question 12

What distinguishes members of the superfamily Trichinelloidea?

Answer 12

Stichosome esophagus

Question 13

Which genus in the Trichinelloidea superfamily does not lay eggs?

Answer 13

Trichinella

Question 14

How many species does the genus Trichinella contain?

Answer 14

Nine species and three unnamed genotypes

Question 15

What is the most commonly known species of Trichinella?

Answer 15

Trichinella spiralis

Question 16

Which Trichinella species is known for its ability to withstand significant freezing?

Answer 16

Trichinella nativa

Question 17

What is a common source of trichinosis in humans?

Answer 17

Eating raw or undercooked pork or bear

Question 18

What is the estimated fatal dose of T. spiralis larvae for humans?

Answer 18

Five larvae per gram of body weight

Question 19

What clinical signs may indicate human trichinosis?

Answer 19

Periorbital edema, myalgia, fever, gastroenteritis, conjunctivitis, pruritus, skin eruption

Question 20

How is T. spiralis infection treated in experimental cases?

Answer 20

With albendazole 50 mg/kg body weight twice daily for 7 days

Question 21

What happens to old cysts containing defunct larvae of T. spiralis?

Answer 21

They calcify

Question 22

In the life cycle of T. spiralis, what occurs in the same host?

Answer 22

Both adult and larval stages

Question 23

What is the adult male T. spiralis size range?

Answer 23

1.4 to 1.6 mm long

Question 24

What is the role of predation in the life cycle of T. spiralis?

Answer 24

The predator becomes infected by eating the prey

Question 25

True or False: T. spiralis larvae are resistant to external conditions.

Answer 25

True

Question 26

Fill in the blank: The male of the genus Trichinella lacks a _______.

Answer 26

spicule or spicular sheath

Question 27

What are the two phases of T. spiralis infection duration in different hosts?

Answer 27

1 week in dogs, 3-4 months in humans

Question 28

What type of meat has been implicated in outbreaks of trichinellosis in Europe?

Answer 28

Horsemeat

Question 29

What is the common treatment for canine and feline Trichinella infection?

Answer 29

Experimental treatment with albendazole 50 mg/kg body weight twice daily for 7 days ## Footnote Reference: Bowman et al, 1993.

Question 30

At what internal temperature should pork products be cooked to ensure safety from T. spiralis?

Answer 30

60°C ## Footnote Cooking at 60°C is necessary to kill encysted T. spiralis.

Question 31

What is the USDA's current recommended internal cooking temperature for pork products?

Answer 31

145°F (63°C) with a 3-minute rest time ## Footnote This recommendation was updated in 2011.

Question 32

How long should pork products be frozen to effectively kill T. spiralis?

Answer 32

For several weeks at −15°C for 20 days ## Footnote This method does not work for T. nativa.

Question 33

What is the shape of Trichuris eggs?

Answer 33

Lemon-shaped with distinct plugs at each pole ## Footnote Trichuris eggs contain a single cell when passed in feces.

Question 34

What is the typical prepatent period for Trichuris spp. in dogs?

Answer 34

Slightly less than 3 months ## Footnote Prepatent periods vary among species.

Question 35

What symptoms are associated with heavy Trichuris vulpis infections in dogs?

Answer 35

Diarrhea alternating with normal stools, mucus, and possible blood flecks ## Footnote Heavy infections typically occur in the cecum.

Question 36

Is Trichuris infection common in cats in the United States?

Answer 36

No, it is rare and unimportant ## Footnote Trichuris infections are more common in the Caribbean.

Question 37

What is the treatment for Trichuris infections in beef cattle?

Answer 37

Ivermectin, eprinomectin, or doramectin pour-on ## Footnote Doses vary based on the specific treatment.

Question 38

What is the primary control method for T. suis infections in swine?

Answer 38

Separating swine from contaminated soil or filthy housing ## Footnote This helps prevent reinfection.

Question 39

What is the effect of dichlorvos on T. suis infections in swine?

Answer 39

Effective when fed in meal-type feed at 11.2 to 21.6 mg/kg body weight ## Footnote Dichlorvos is a recommended treatment.

Question 40

What distinguishes the eggs of Eucoleus boehmi from those of Eucoleus aerophilus?

Answer 40

E. boehmi eggs have a surface covered with tiny pits, while E. aerophilus eggs have a network of ridges ## Footnote Microscopic inspection is necessary for differentiation.

Question 41

What is the typical clinical sign of E. aerophilus infection in dogs and cats?

Answer 41

Rarely more than a slight cough ## Footnote Severe infections are more common in foxes.

Question 42

What is the treatment success rate for E. boehmi infections in dogs using moxidectin and imidacloprid?

Answer 42

100% efficacy as determined by disappearance of eggs ## Footnote This was observed in a treatment study.

Question 43

What is the life history of Aonchotheca putorii?

Answer 43

Occasionally found in domestic cats, causing little harm ## Footnote It primarily infects the small intestine of various hosts.

Question 44

What is the common symptom of very severe Trichuris suis infections in young swine?

Answer 44

Catarrhal enteritis with diarrhea, dehydration, and anorexia ## Footnote This can lead to growth retardation.

Question 45

What is the result of a 100% reduction in eggs being shed?

Answer 45

A complete resolution of clinical signs ## Footnote (Di Cesare et al, 2017)

Question 46

What parasite is associated with intestinal capillariasis in cats?

Answer 46

Aonchotheca (Capillaria) putorii ## Footnote Causes little if any harm in domestic cats

Question 47

Which animals are hosts for Aonchotheca (Capillaria) putorii?

Answer 47

* Bears * Hedgehogs * Raccoons * Swine * Bobcats * Various mustelids

Question 48

What is a differential diagnostic problem associated with Aonchotheca (Capillaria) putorii?

Answer 48

Eggs present a differential diagnostic problem with respect to other capillarid species found in cats ## Footnote (Greve and Kung, 1983)

Question 49

What is the significance of capillarids in ruminants?

Answer 49

None are of importance in producing disease in these hosts ## Footnote (Pisanu and Bain, 1999)

Question 50

Where do adult Calodium (Capillaria) hepaticum worms live?

Answer 50

In the liver of rodents and other occasional hosts ## Footnote Including humans

Question 51

What happens to the eggs of Calodium (Capillaria) hepaticum in hepatic tissues?

Answer 51

They remain undeveloped until the host is eaten or dies

Question 52

What is the role of earthworms in the life cycle of Pearsonema (Capillaria) plica?

Answer 52

They serve as paratenic hosts for the first-stage larva

Question 53

How long does it take for eggs of Pearsonema (Capillaria) plica to appear in urine after infection?

Answer 53

About 2 months later

Question 54

What treatment was reported to be successful for symptomatic urinary capillariasis in a border terrier?

Answer 54

A single dose of ivermectin 0.2 mg/kg, injected subcutaneously ## Footnote (Kirkpatrick and Nelson, 1987)

Question 55

What is the main difference between Pearsonema (Capillaria) plica and Pearsonema (Capillaria) feliscati?

Answer 55

Pearsonema (Capillaria) feliscati is a parasite of the urinary bladder of cats

Question 56

What was the treatment protocol for an 8-month-old cat with Pearsonema (Capillaria) feliscati?

Answer 56

Fenbendazole at 25 mg/kg twice daily for 10 days ## Footnote (Rossi et al, 2011)

Question 57

What is Trichosomoides crassicauda?

Answer 57

A parasite of the urinary bladder of rats

Question 58

How is Trichosomoides crassicauda typically transmitted?

Answer 58

From mother rats to their offspring before weaning

Question 59

What treatments have been used for Trichosomoides crassicauda in laboratory rats?

Answer 59

* Ivermectin subcutaneously at 0.2 mg/kg * Ivermectin orally at 3 mg/kg

Question 60

Where do Anatrichosoma spp. live in their hosts?

Answer 60

Within the stratified squamous epithelium of the nasal passages and buccal mucosa

Question 61

What do the eggs of Anatrichosoma spp. look like?

Answer 61

76 × 58-µm bipolar eggs

Question 62

What is the diagnosis method for Anatrichosoma infection?

Answer 62

Demonstration of the eggs on nasal swabs or in skin biopsies

Question 63

What disease is caused by Anatrichosoma cutaneum in monkeys?

Answer 63

Subcutaneous nodules and edema about the joints

Question 64

What is Haycocknema perplexum associated with?

Answer 64

Serious illness in people from Tasmania with adults and larvae within muscle fibers

Question 65

What group does Haycocknema perplexum belong to?

Answer 65

Superfamily Muspiceoidea, family Robertdollfusidae

Question 66

What kind of infections have been reported in horses related to Haycocknema perplexum?

Answer 66

Masseter atrophy and severe chronic myositis

Question 67

How many cases of Haycocknema perplexum infection have been reported in Australia?

Answer 67

10 cases