ACVM Parasitology Boards > More vector borne disease > Flashcards

More vector borne disease Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the major classes of pathogens transmitted by arthropod vectors?

A
  • Viruses
  • Rickettsia/Bacteria
  • Protozoa
  • Helminths

These classes highlight the diversity of diseases that can be spread by arthropods.

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2
Q

What is the difference between mechanical and biologic transmission?

A

Mechanical transmission involves transient infection; biologic transmission involves long-term infection and life cycle involvement

Mechanical transmission occurs when pathogens are carried on the surface of vectors, while biologic transmission involves the pathogen’s development within the vector.

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3
Q

Define transstadial transmission in arthropod vectors.

A

Transmission of pathogens through different life stages of a vector

This type of transmission allows pathogens to persist as the vector grows from larva to adult.

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4
Q

What is transovarial transmission?

A

Transmission of pathogens from an infected female vector to her offspring via eggs

This method ensures the continuity of infection across generations of vectors.

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5
Q

Explain the concept of bridge vectors.

A

Bridge vectors transfer infections from wildlife reservoirs to domestic animals or humans

They play a crucial role in the emergence of zoonotic diseases.

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6
Q

What role do reservoir hosts play in arthropod-transmitted diseases?

A

Reservoir hosts are infected vertebrates that maintain the pathogen for transmission to vectors

They are essential for the life cycle of many pathogens.

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7
Q

What is co-infection in the context of vector-borne diseases?

A

Co-infection refers to the presence of multiple pathogens in a single host

This can exacerbate disease severity and complicate treatment.

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8
Q

List the three major categories of vector-borne diseases.

A
  • Viral Diseases
  • Rickettsial Pathogens
  • Protozoal Diseases

Each category encompasses various specific diseases and pathogens.

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9
Q

What are the geographic distributions of Equine encephalitides?

A

North, Central, South America

Mosquito vectors are responsible for the transmission of these diseases.

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10
Q

What is the primary vector for Rift Valley fever?

A

Mosquitoes and other blood-feeding arthropods

This disease is known for causing abortion storms in ruminants.

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11
Q

True or False: The African swine fever virus is transmitted by soft ticks and can lead to high mortality in pigs.

A

True

The virus is known for its severe impact on domestic swine populations.

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12
Q

What disease is caused by Rickettsia rickettsii?

A

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

It is transmitted by Dermacentor spp. ticks.

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13
Q

Fill in the blank: _______ is the causative agent of Chagas disease.

A

[Trypanosoma cruzi]

This protozoan is transmitted by triatomine bugs.

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14
Q

What is the vector for Lyme borreliosis?

A

Ixodes spp. ticks

These ticks are also known as deer ticks.

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15
Q

What is the primary host for Babesia canis?

A

Dogs

Various ticks are responsible for transmitting this protozoal infection.

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16
Q

Describe the role of molecular methods in detecting vector-borne diseases.

A

Molecular methods improve detection over classic microbiologic approaches

They allow for more precise and sensitive identification of pathogens.

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17
Q

Identify a challenge in the prevention of arthropod-transmitted diseases.

A

Cross-reactivity in serologic assays

This can complicate diagnosis and treatment decisions.

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18
Q

What was the historical significance of the discovery of Babesia bigemina transmission by Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) spp. ticks in 1889?

A

The discovery confirmed arthropod transmission of an infectious agent, paving the way for understanding vector-pathogen relationships and successful eradication programs.

This was a groundbreaking finding for vector biology and epidemiology.

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19
Q

Differentiate between mechanical and biologic transmission of pathogens by arthropods.

A

Mechanical transmission involves transient infection and physical transfer of pathogens, while biologic transmission involves long-term infection and multiplication within the vector.

Biologic vectors are essential for the pathogen’s life cycle.

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20
Q

Explain the concept of transstadial and transovarial transmission in biologic vectors.

A

Transstadial transmission is the persistence of the pathogen as the vector molts, while transovarial transmission is the vertical transmission from an infected female to her offspring.

Both mechanisms ensure the pathogen’s maintenance in vector populations.

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21
Q

What are the primary vectors and typical reservoir hosts for Lyme borreliosis in North America?

A

The primary vectors are Ixodes spp. ticks, particularly I. scapularis and I. pacificus. Rodents, such as mice, are the important reservoir hosts for Borrelia burgdorferi.

Lyme borreliosis is a significant zoonotic disease.

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22
Q

What is the unique transmission method for canine hepatozoonosis, specifically Hepatozoon canis?

A

Hepatozoon canis is transmitted via the ingestion of infected Rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks, unlike most tick-borne diseases transmitted through tick feeding.

This occurs when dogs groom themselves or consume infected ticks.

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23
Q

Identify the vector and common hosts for West Nile virus.

A

West Nile virus is transmitted by mosquitoes. Common hosts include horses, people, and dogs, with birds serving as the primary reservoir.

Birds play a crucial role in the virus’s ecology.

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24
Q

What is African swine fever and its primary vector?

A

African swine fever is a highly fatal disease of pigs caused by the ASF virus, primarily transmitted by Ornithodoros spp. ticks.

Mortality can approach 100% for virulent strains.

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25
How is Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF) transmitted in its sylvatic cycle in North America?
RMSF is transmitted between rodent reservoirs and amplifying hosts to dogs and people by Dermacentor spp. ticks, which serve as both vector and reservoir. ## Footnote These ticks maintain the infection through transovarial and transstadial transmission.
26
Name two bunyaviruses transmitted by Culicoides spp. that cause congenital malformations in ruminants.
* Akabane virus * Schmallenberg virus ## Footnote These viruses can cause significant birth defects in cattle, sheep, and goats.
27
Describe the transmission cycle of Neorickettsia helminthoeca.
Neorickettsia helminthoeca is transmitted to dogs via ingestion of the trematode Nanophyetus salmincola, which infects snails and is consumed by salmonid fish. ## Footnote The trematode serves as an unusual vector and intermediate host.
28
Define Alphaviruses.
Alphaviruses are a genus of viruses within the family Togaviridae, many of which are arboviruses transmitted by mosquitoes. ## Footnote Examples include equine encephalitides and Chikungunya virus.
29
What is an Amplifying Host?
An amplifying host is a vertebrate host where a pathogen multiplies to high levels, increasing the likelihood of vector infection without severe clinical disease. ## Footnote This concept is important for understanding disease dynamics.
30
What are Arboviruses?
Arboviruses are arthropod-borne viruses transmitted by arthropods. ## Footnote They include various viruses associated with vector-borne diseases.
31
What does Autochthonous Transmission refer to?
Autochthonous Transmission refers to infections transmitted locally or indigenously, rather than being imported from another region. ## Footnote This concept is significant in epidemiology.
32
Define Biologic Vector.
A biologic vector is an arthropod that is infected with a pathogen, maintains the infection long-term, and plays a required role in the pathogen's life cycle. ## Footnote This includes multiplication or development within the vector.
33
What is a Bridge Vector?
A bridge vector is an arthropod species that transmits an infection from a wildlife reservoir host to domestic animals or humans. ## Footnote This is crucial for understanding the spread of zoonotic diseases.
34
What are Congenital Malformations?
Congenital malformations are birth defects or abnormalities present at birth, often caused by maternal infection during pregnancy. ## Footnote Examples include defects caused by Akabane and Schmallenberg viruses.
35
What are the characteristics of Dermacentor spp.?
Dermacentor spp. are hard ticks known to transmit diseases like Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever and bovine anaplasmosis. ## Footnote They are significant vectors in North America.
36
What does the term Endemic mean?
Endemic refers to the constant presence and/or usual prevalence of a disease or infectious agent in a population within a geographic area. ## Footnote This is a key concept in understanding disease epidemiology.
37
Define Enzootic.
Enzootic refers to a disease that is constantly present in an animal population within a particular geographical area. ## Footnote This is important for wildlife health and management.
38
What is an Eschar?
An eschar is a dark, crusty scab or lesion that forms at the site of a tick bite or skin lesion, often seen in certain rickettsial infections. ## Footnote It is a characteristic feature of infections like Rickettsia parkeri.
39
What are Flaviviruses?
Flaviviruses are a genus of RNA viruses, many of which are arboviruses transmitted by mosquitoes or ticks. ## Footnote West Nile virus is an example.
40
What are Fomites?
Fomites are inanimate objects or substances capable of transmitting infectious organisms from one individual to another. ## Footnote Examples include needles or surgical instruments.
41
What are Hard Ticks (Ixodidae)?
Hard ticks are characterized by a hard dorsal scutum and include genera like Ixodes, Dermacentor, Amblyomma, and Rhipicephalus. ## Footnote They are important vectors of various diseases.
42
Define Hemolytic Anemia.
Hemolytic anemia is a condition where red blood cells are destroyed faster than they can be made, leading to a reduction in their numbers. ## Footnote This is characteristic of bovine anaplasmosis.
43
What is Hemorrhagic Illness?
Hemorrhagic illness is characterized by severe bleeding, as seen in diseases like Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. ## Footnote This type of illness poses significant public health challenges.
44
What diseases are associated with Hyalomma spp.?
* Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever * Tropical theileriosis ## Footnote Hyalomma spp. are important vectors in certain regions.
45
What are Ixodes spp. known for?
Ixodes spp., often referred to as 'deer ticks,' are principal vectors for Lyme borreliosis and anaplasmosis. ## Footnote They are significant in public health due to their role in zoonotic diseases.
46
What are Larvae in the context of arthropods?
Larvae are the immature, active, feeding stage in the life cycle of many insects and arachnids that undergo metamorphosis. ## Footnote This stage is crucial for the development of vectors.
47
What is Mechanical Transmission?
Mechanical transmission is the transfer of a pathogen by an arthropod vector without biological development or multiplication within the vector. ## Footnote This often occurs via contaminated mouthparts.
48
Define Metacercariae.
Metacercariae are the infective larval stage of a trematode that develops in an intermediate host, such as a fish. ## Footnote They play a role in the life cycle of certain parasites.
49
What are Molecular Approaches?
Molecular approaches are laboratory techniques focusing on the study of molecules like DNA and RNA for improved detection and characterization of pathogens. ## Footnote These techniques enhance diagnostics in veterinary medicine.
50
What are Morulae in the context of rickettsial infections?
Morulae are small, dense, mulberry-shaped aggregations of rickettsial organisms found within the cytoplasm of host cells. ## Footnote They are characteristic of Ehrlichia and Anaplasma infections.
51
What is a Nairovirus?
Nairovirus is a genus of RNA viruses within the family Bunyaviridae, including Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus. ## Footnote These viruses are significant in veterinary and human health.
52
What are Obligate Intracellular Bacteria?
Obligate intracellular bacteria are bacteria that can only replicate inside the living cells of other organisms, such as members of Rickettsiaceae and Anaplasmataceae. ## Footnote Their lifestyle complicates treatment and diagnosis.
53
What are Oocysts?
Oocysts are thick-walled spore-like stages in the life cycle of some protozoan parasites, often environmentally stable. ## Footnote They can be found in vectors like ticks.
54
What are Orbivirus examples?
* Bluetongue virus * Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus ## Footnote These viruses are transmitted by Culicoides spp.
55
What is an Orthobunyavirus?
Orthobunyavirus is a genus of RNA viruses within the family Bunyaviridae, including Cache Valley fever virus, Akabane virus, and Schmallenberg virus. ## Footnote These viruses are important in veterinary medicine.
56
What are Ornithodoros spp. known for?
Ornithodoros spp. are soft ticks that can transmit diseases like African swine fever and various tick-borne relapsing fevers. ## Footnote They are significant vectors in certain regions.
57
Define Pathogen.
A pathogen is a microorganism or other agent that causes disease. ## Footnote This includes viruses, bacteria, and parasites.
58
What is Phlebovirus?
Phlebovirus is a genus of RNA viruses within the family Bunyaviridae, including Rift Valley fever virus and Heartland virus. ## Footnote These viruses have zoonotic potential.
59
What are Piroplasms?
Piroplasms are a group of tick-borne protozoan parasites that infect red blood cells, including Babesia and Theileria species. ## Footnote They are important in veterinary medicine.
60
What is Polyarthritis?
Polyarthritis is inflammation of multiple joints, a common clinical sign in dogs with Lyme borreliosis. ## Footnote This condition can lead to significant discomfort and mobility issues.
61
What are Protozoa?
Protozoa are single-celled eukaryotic organisms, some of which are parasitic and transmitted by arthropods. ## Footnote Examples include Leishmania and Trypanosoma.
62
What is a Reservoir Host?
A reservoir host is an animal or species that harbors an infection and serves as a source of infection for other animals or humans. ## Footnote This host may not show clinical signs of disease.
63
What is Rhipicephalus sanguineus commonly known as?
Rhipicephalus sanguineus is commonly known as the Brown Dog Tick. ## Footnote It transmits several important pathogens, including Rickettsia rickettsii.
64
What is Rickettsia?
Rickettsia is a genus of obligate intracellular gram-negative bacteria known to cause diseases like Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever and typhus. ## Footnote These bacteria are primarily transmitted by ticks.
65
What are Rickettsiales?
Rickettsiales is an order of obligate intracellular gram-negative bacteria, containing the families Rickettsiaceae and Anaplasmataceae. ## Footnote This order includes several important pathogens.
66
What are Ruminants?
Ruminants are herbivorous mammals that ferment plant-based food in a specialized stomach prior to digestion, such as cattle, sheep, and goats. ## Footnote Many are susceptible to vector-borne diseases.
67
What are Serologic Assays?
Serologic assays are blood tests that detect antibodies or antigens, used to diagnose past or present infections. ## Footnote Cross-reactivity can complicate interpretation.
68
What are Soft Ticks (Argasidae)?
Soft ticks are characterized by the lack of a hard scutum and include genera like Ornithodoros. ## Footnote They are important vectors for various diseases.
69
What are Spirochetes?
Spirochetes are a group of spiral-shaped bacteria, some of which are pathogenic and transmitted by arthropods, such as Borrelia species. ## Footnote These bacteria are associated with diseases like Lyme borreliosis.
70
What are Sporozoites?
Sporozoites are the infective stage of some protozoan parasites typically transmitted by the vector. ## Footnote They play a crucial role in the life cycles of parasites like Plasmodium.
71
What is a Sylvatic Cycle?
The sylvatic cycle is the portion of the pathogen's life cycle that occurs in wild animals, involving enzootic transmission within wild animal populations and their vectors. ## Footnote Understanding this cycle is vital for wildlife disease management.
72
What is Thrombocytopenia?
Thrombocytopenia is characterized by a lower-than-normal number of platelets in the blood, essential for blood clotting. ## Footnote It can be a consequence of various vector-borne diseases.
73
What are Togaviridae?
Togaviridae is a family of RNA viruses that includes Alphaviruses, many of which are arboviruses. ## Footnote This family includes viruses that are significant in veterinary and human health.
74
What is Transstadial Transmission?
Transstadial transmission is the passage of a pathogen through different developmental stages within the same arthropod vector. ## Footnote This is important for the persistence of pathogens in vector populations.
75
What is Transovarial Transmission?
Transovarial transmission is the transmission of a pathogen from an infected female arthropod vector to her offspring via the eggs. ## Footnote This mechanism ensures the continuation of the infection in future generations.
76
What is a Trematode?
A trematode is a class of parasitic flatworms, also known as flukes, some of which serve as vectors for bacteria. ## Footnote An example is Nanophyetus salmincola, which transmits Neorickettsia helminthoeca.
77
What are Trypomastigotes?
Trypomastigotes are motile, flagellated forms in the life cycle of trypanosomes, typically found in the blood of vertebrate hosts or in the vectors. ## Footnote They are significant for the transmission of diseases like Chagas disease.
78
What is Vasculitis?
Vasculitis is inflammation of the blood vessels, a common pathological feature in many rickettsial diseases. ## Footnote It contributes to the clinical signs observed in infected hosts.
79
What is a Vector?
A vector is an organism, typically an arthropod, that transmits a pathogen from an infected host to a susceptible host. ## Footnote Understanding vectors is crucial for controlling vector-borne diseases.
80
What does Zoonotic mean?
Zoonotic refers to diseases that can be transmitted from animals to humans. ## Footnote These diseases pose significant public health challenges.
81
What is the common name for Eastern Equine Encephalitis virus?
Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) ## Footnote Vector: Mosquitoes (Culiseta melanura, Aedes spp.); Reservoir Host: Passerine birds
82
What is the common name for Western Equine Encephalitis virus?
Western equine encephalitis (WEE) ## Footnote Vector: Mosquitoes (Culex tarsalis, Aedes spp.); Reservoir Host: Passerine birds
83
What is the common name for Enzootic Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis virus?
Enzootic VEE ## Footnote Vector: Mosquitoes (Culex spp., Aedes spp.); Reservoir Host: Rodents, also birds, opossums, bats
84
What is the common name for Epizootic Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis virus?
Epizootic VEE ## Footnote Vector: Mosquitoes (Aedes spp.); Reservoir Host: Birds, horses
85
What is the common name for Chikungunya virus?
Chikungunya ## Footnote Vector: Mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus); Reservoir Host: Humans
86
What is the common name for Mayaro virus?
Mayaro ## Footnote Vector: Mosquitoes (Haemagogus spp.); Reservoir Host: Nonhuman primates
87
What is the common name for West Nile virus?
West Nile ## Footnote Vector: Mosquitoes (Culex pipiens complex); Reservoir Host: Birds
88
What is the common name for Japanese Encephalitis virus?
Japanese encephalitis ## Footnote Vector: Mosquitoes (Culex tritaeniorhynchus); Reservoir Host: Birds, horses, pigs
89
What is the common name for Tick-borne encephalitis viruses?
TBE complex ## Footnote Vector: Ticks (Ixodes ricinus, Ixodes persulcatus, Dermacentor spp., Haemaphysalis spp.); Reservoir Host: Various mammals
90
What is the common name for Yellow Fever virus?
Yellow Fever ## Footnote Vector: Mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti); Reservoir Host: Humans
91
What is the common name for Dengue virus?
Dengue ## Footnote Vector: Mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus); Reservoir Host: Humans
92
What is the common name for Zika virus?
Zika ## Footnote Vector: Mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus); Reservoir Host: Humans
93
What is the common name for Rift Valley Fever virus?
Rift Valley fever ## Footnote Vector: Mosquitoes (Aedes spp., Culex spp.), others; Reservoir Host: Ruminants
94
What is the common name for Cache Valley virus?
Cache Valley fever ## Footnote Vector: Mosquitoes (Aedes spp.); Reservoir Host: Sheep
95
What is the common name for Akabane virus?
Akabane ## Footnote Vector: Biting midges (Culicoides spp.); Reservoir Host: Ruminants
96
What is the common name for Schmallenberg virus?
Schmallenberg ## Footnote Vector: Biting midges (Culicoides spp.); Reservoir Host: Ruminants
97
What is the common name for Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever virus?
CCHF ## Footnote Vector: Ticks (Hyalomma spp.); Reservoir Host: Rabbits, rodents, domestic ruminants
98
What is the common name for Heartland virus?
Heartland virus disease ## Footnote Vector: Ticks (Amblyomma americanum); Reservoir Host: Unknown (human cases reported)
99
What is the common name for Bourbon virus?
Bourbon virus disease ## Footnote Vector: Tick (likely Amblyomma americanum); Reservoir Host: Unknown
100
What is the common name for Bluetongue virus?
Bluetongue ## Footnote Vector: Biting midges (Culicoides spp.); Reservoir Host: Ruminants
101
What is the common name for Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease virus?
EHD ## Footnote Vector: Biting midges (Culicoides spp.); Reservoir Host: Ruminants
102
What is the common name for African Horse Sickness virus?
AHS ## Footnote Vector: Biting midges (Culicoides spp.); Reservoir Host: Wild equids, horses
103
What is the common name for Colorado Tick Fever virus?
Colorado tick fever ## Footnote Vector: Ticks (Dermacentor andersoni); Reservoir Host: Rodents
104
What is the common name for African Swine Fever virus?
ASF ## Footnote Vector: Soft ticks (Ornithodoros spp.), mechanical via Stomoxys calcitrans; Reservoir Host: Ticks, wild suids, pigs
105
What is the common name for Fowlpox virus?
Fowlpox ## Footnote Vector: Mosquitoes, fleas; Reservoir Host: Birds
106
What is the common name for Myxoma virus?
Myxomatosis ## Footnote Vector: Fleas, mosquitoes, black flies (Simulium spp.); Reservoir Host: Rabbits, hares
107
What is the common name for Equine Infectious Anemia virus?
Equine infectious anemia ## Footnote Vector: Blood-feeding flies (Stomoxys spp., Chrysops spp.); Reservoir Host: Horses, other equids
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