Hematology

Question 1

what are 3 methods of blood sample collection?

Answer 1

1. vacutainer, fastest
2. syringe
3. capillary: needle in vein, blood drips through tube

Question 2

what color is arterial blood?

Answer 2

BRIGHT red

Question 3

what color is venous blood?

Answer 3

DARK red

Question 4

which blood has more oxygen?

Answer 4

arterial

Question 5

which blood has more CO2?

Answer 5

venous blood

Question 6

which blood is richer in waste metabolites such as urea?

Answer 6

venous blood

Question 7

which blood is used for routine blood tests?

Answer 7

venous blood

Question 8

which blood is used to determine arterial blood gases?

Answer 8

arterial blood, duh

Question 9

what vein/artery is used when collecting coccygeal blood? what is it also called?

Answer 9

the coccygeal vein or artery; tail vein/artery

Question 10

what volume of blood can be collected from the coccygeal vein/artery?

Answer 10

moderate (<10mL)

Question 11

what kind of IV injection volume can be used with the coccygeal vein/artery?

Answer 11

very small volumes

Question 12

is it easy to tell what type of blood (venous/arterial) you are getting from the coccygeal vein/artery? what assumption can you make though?

Answer 12

not easy to differentiate, but is mostly venous

Question 13

discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using the coccygeal vein/artery for blood collection

Answer 13

easy access, but restraint (headlocks at least) is required

Question 14

when is coccygeal vein/artery used?

Answer 14

cattle, swine, lab animals

Question 15

what kind of volumes can be collected from the jugular vein? what kinds of IV injections can be used?

Answer 15

very large volumes for both blood collection and IV injection; catheters can be used

Question 16

what kind of blood comes from the jugular vein?

Answer 16

ALWAYS venous blood

Question 17

discuss advantages and disadvantages of jugular vein blood collection

Answer 17

easy access AND visualization, but required body AND head restraint

Question 18

when is jugular bleeding often used?

Answer 18

slaughter house

Question 19

what do you need to be aware of and careful with when collecting blood from the jugular vein?

Answer 19

it runs close to the vagus nerve (largest nerve in body) so be very careful not to hit nerve

Question 20

when is jugular blood collection often used?

Answer 20

swine, cats, ruminants

Question 21

what are the 3 veins that allow for blood collection from limbs and where are they located?

Answer 21

1. cephalic vein: front limb
2. saphenouc vein: hind limb
3. brachial vein: wing (for chickens, birds)

Question 22

what vein allows for blood collection from the ear and in what animals is it commonly used?

Answer 22

auricular vein; rabbits, pigs

Question 23

what are the 7 types of blood cells

Answer 23

1. erythrocytes
2. eosinophils
3. neutrophils
4. basophils
5. monocytes
6. lymphocytes
7. platelets

Question 24

in what cases will we see an increase of total protein in the blood?

Answer 24

dehydration and chronic inflammation

Question 25

why will we see an increase of total protein in inflammation?

Answer 25

lymphocytes increase antibodies

Question 26

in what cases will we see a decrease of total protein in the blood?

Answer 26

overhydration, edema, protein losing nephropathy and enteropathy, diet deficiency, burns, malabsorption

Question 27

where is albumin synthesized?

Answer 27

in the liver

Question 28

what is the function of albumin?

Answer 28

protein transport and osmosis

Question 29

in what case will we see an increase of albumin in the blood?

Answer 29

dehydration

Question 30

in what case will we see a decrease of albumin in the blood and why?

Answer 30

in liver failure; albumin synethesized in liver so if liver no work no albumin

Question 31

what is creatinine?

Answer 31

a product of muscle metabolism

Question 32

what clears out creatinine from the body?

Answer 32

the kidneys

Question 33

in what cases would we see an increase of creatinine in the blood?

Answer 33

renal failure, blocked urethra (can't clear out from kdiney through pee), bladder rupture

Question 34

what does the basal creatinine value of an animal depend on?

Answer 34

animal muscle mass

Question 35

what are the 4 indicators of cellular damage in lab analysis?

Answer 35

1. ALT and AST 2. ALP 3. GDH and YGT 4. CK

Question 36

what is ALT and AST?

Answer 36

alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferae

Question 37

where is ALT and AST found?

Answer 37

present in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes

Question 38

when would we see an increase in ALT and AST in lab analysis and why?

Answer 38

in liver damage (present in liver cells, liver damaged and cells go to blood = see in blood)

Question 39

what is ALP?

Answer 39

alkaline phosphatase

Question 40

where is alkaline phosphatase (ALP) found? what is it related with?

Answer 40

present in multiple tissues, related with tissue damage

Question 41

in what cases will we see an increase in ALP in lab analysis?

Answer 41

1. bone deposition 2. liver damage 3. inestinal damage 4. generalized tissue damage (neoplasia) 5. steroids

Question 42

what is CK?

Answer 42

creatinine kinase, the muscle enzyme

Question 43

when will we see CK in lab analysis?

Answer 43

muscle damage, even small bruising or IM injection

Question 44

what is GDH and YGT?

Answer 44

glucose dehydrogenase and gamma glutamyl transferase

Question 45

what is GDH and YGT related with?

Answer 45

hepatocellular damage in horses and ruminants

Question 46

what does the presence of bilirubin and bile acid indicate?

Answer 46

liver damage and hemolysis

Question 47

what does the presence of increased lipase, alpha-Amylase, and immunoreactive trypsin indicate?

Answer 47

pancreas damage

Question 48

what is one additional test to narrow your diagnosis?

Answer 48

testing fibrinogen and coagulation factors