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Animal Health and Diseases > Physical Examination > Flashcards

Physical Examination Flashcards

1
Q

what is the first aspect of physical examination?

A

general inspection

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2
Q

what is general inspection?

A

look from a distance

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3
Q

what 8 things are you examining in a general inspection?

A
  1. general appearance
  2. body condition
  3. level of consciousness
  4. posture and gait
  5. hydration status
  6. eating
  7. defecation
  8. urination
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4
Q

describe how to generally inspect general appearance

A

look at the animal from a distance, observe movements and symmetry

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5
Q

how is body condition used in a general inspection?

A

use the standard for each species

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6
Q

list and describe the 5 levels of consciousness as observed in a general inspection

A
  1. BAR: bright, alert, responsive, normal behavior
  2. depressed: decreased response to stimuli
  3. uncontrolled hyperexcitability: often in seizures
  4. stupor/shock: limited response to stimuli
  5. coma: no response to stimuli, patient unconscious
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7
Q

what is paresis?

A

some movement, but lack of strength and decreased muscle tone

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8
Q

what is ataxia?

A

keep muscle tone, but lack of proprioception

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9
Q

when is ataxia often observed?

A

inner ear infections

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10
Q

what is paralysis?

A

complete lack of movement

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11
Q

what is one of the first signs of dehydration?

A

reduced skin elasticity

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12
Q

when dehydration is >5%, what will be observed in the patient by the owner?

A

a few episodes of vomiting and or diarrhea, but no physical abnormalities

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13
Q

when dehydration is between 6-8%, what will be observed in the patient?

A

moderate-mild degree of skin turgor or fry mucous membranes, sunken eyes, increased episodes of vomiting and diarrhea

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14
Q

when dehydration is between 9-11%, what is observed in the patient?

A

marked degree of skin turgor, dry mucous membranes, weak, rapid pulse, slow CRT, moderate-marked mentaldepression, excessive vomiting and diarrhea

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15
Q

when dehyrdation is 12-15%, what is observed in the patient?

A

hypovolemic shock, death

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16
Q

is weight the best comparison for body condition? why or why not?

A

not the best comparison point because breed variation

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17
Q

in the case of swine body condition, what is the main point of observation?

A

all in the booty

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18
Q

what does degree of lameness determine?

A

how fast you need to procede with treatment

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19
Q

give an example of degree of lameness determining speed of treatment

A

large animals put more weight on front legs, so treat front lameness more urgently

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20
Q

what do problems with prehension indicate?

A

mouth/teeth problems

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21
Q

when examining eating in general inspection, what 3 things are you looking for?

A

problems in

  1. prehension
  2. mastication
  3. swallowing
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22
Q

what special part of eating are you looking at in general examination of ruminants?

A

eructation

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23
Q

what 3 things are you looking at in general inspection of feces?

A
  1. consistency
  2. smell
  3. color
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24
Q

what happens with the act of defecation in constipation, rectal paralysis, or stenosis?

A

the act may become difficult and may be accompanied by straining or tenesmus

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25
Q

what is stenosis?

A

narrowing of the spaces within the spine

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26
Q

what is tenesmus

A

the feeling that you need to defecate even though your bowels are empty

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27
Q

what does normal horse feces look like?

A

individual golf balls, will squish

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28
Q

what does diarrhea indicate in a horse?

A

can be too much sand in gut, stress, diet change, parasites, or disease

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29
Q

what does constipated horse feces look like? what does it indicate?

A

small dry balls; indicates an impaction because gut has sent all excess moisture to impaction to try to clear

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30
Q

are worms common in adult horse feces? what can they determine?

A

not common; easy way to determine worm and wormer type though

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31
Q

what is polyuria?

A

increased amount of urine

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32
Q

what is oliguria or anuria?

A

decreased or lack of urination

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33
Q

what is pollakuria?

A

increase of urination bouts, dribbling

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34
Q

what is dysuria?

A

painful/difficult urination

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35
Q

what is stranguria?

A

slow and painful urination

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36
Q

if there was a hemorrhage in the abomasum, what will the feces look like? what is this called?

A

black and tarry, melena

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37
Q

what will the feces look like after a hemorrhage in the small intestine?

A

uniformly dark red

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38
Q

if there is a hemorrhage in the large intestines (cecum or colon) what will the feces look like? what is this disease called?

A

blood appears evenly distributed throughout the feces; dysentery

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39
Q

if there is a hemorrhage in the rectum, what will the feces look like? what is this condition called?

A

blood as streaks or chunks or frank (obvious) blood, unevenly distributed; hematochezia

40
Q

describe the 5 scores of cattle manure

A 
score 1: cream-soup consistency
score 2: cake batter
score 3: thick pancake batter
score 4: peanut butter
score 5: firm and stacks over 2 inches in height
41
Q

what does a score 1 of cattle manure (cream soup) indicate

A

a sick animal or a highly digestible ration and low fiber

42
Q

what does a score 2 of cattle manure (cake batter) indicate?

A

excess protein, carbohydrates, and low fiber

43
Q

what does a score 3 of cattle manure (thick pancake batter) indicate?

A

ideal!

44
Q

what does a score 4 of cattle manure (peanut butter) indicate?

A

lack of degradable rumen protein, excess low quality fiber

45
Q

what does a score 5 of cattle manure (firm and stacking) indicate?

A

poor-quality forage diet

46
Q

from what distance does a regional inspection occur?

A

a distance

47
Q

what do you look for in a regional inspection?

A

visual changes or defects (mass, bleeding, injuries, swelling, lack or hair) in head, neck, thorax, abdomen, external genitalia, mammary glands, and limbs

48
Q

what do you look for in a regional exam of the thorax?

A
  1. respiratory rate: breaths/min
  2. respiratory rhythm
  3. respiratory depth
  4. type of respiration
  5. respiratory noises and stridors
49
Q

what is an increased respiratory rate called?

A

polypnea

50
Q

what is a decreased respiratory rate called?

A

oligopnea

51
Q

what is complete cessation of respiration called?

A

apnea

52
Q

what 3 things are looked for in respiratory rhythm?

A
  1. inspiration
  2. expiration
  3. pause
53
Q

what are you looking at when observing respiratory depth in a regional exam?

A

amplitude or depth of respiratory movements

54
Q

what are the types of respiration?

A

thoracic or abdominal

55
Q

list 6 types of respiratory noises and stridors

A
  1. coughing
  2. sneezing
  3. wheezing
  4. snoring
  5. roaring
  6. grunting
56
Q

when is respiratory rhythm very important to track?

A

in stupor

57
Q

what is palpation?

A

use of fingers to describe size, consistency, temperature, and sensitivity of a lesion or organ

58
Q

describe doughy palpation

A

when the structure pits on pressure, as in edema

59
Q

describe firm palpation

A

when the structure has the consistency of a normal liver

60
Q

what should all compact organs feel like on palpation?

A

firm

61
Q

describe hard palpation

A

when the consistency is bonelike

62
Q

describe fluctuating palpation

A

soft, elastic, and undulates on pressure but does not retain the imprint of the fingers

63
Q

describe tense palpation

A

when the structure feels viscus and distended with gas or fluid under some considerable pressure

64
Q

describe emphysematous palpation

A

swollen structure that crackles under pressure because of the presence of gas in the tissue

65
Q

what is percussion?

A

when the body surface is struck to set deep parts in vibration and cause them to emit audible sounds

66
Q

describe the three noises commonly heard on percussion

A
  1. resonant: the sound emitted by organs containing air (like a normal lung)
  2. tympanic: a drum-like note emitted by an organ containing gas under pressure such as a tympanitic rumen or cecum
  3. dull: the sound emitted by solid irgans such as heart and liver
67
Q

what is auscultation?

A

direct listening to the sounds produced by organ movement performed by placing the ear or stethoscope on the body surface over the organ

68
Q

what is succession?

A

strike area under examination multiple times

69
Q

what is ballottement?

A

strike area under examination with fist once

70
Q

what are the three vital signs inspected in a regional inspection?

A
  1. temperature
  2. pulse
  3. hydration
71
Q

list 4 variances of temperature?

A
  1. hyperthermia
  2. hypothermia
  3. fever
  4. pyrexia
72
Q

what is hyperthermia?

A

high body temperature after work

73
Q

what is fever?

A

high body temperature caused by disease

74
Q

what are the 2 aspects of pulse? and the variances?

A

rate: bradycardia, tachycardia
rhythm: regular or irregular

75
Q

what examination technique is mainly used when examining the heart in a regional exam?

A

auscultation

76
Q

what heart rhythm/sounds are we hoping to hear?

A

LUBB-DUPP-pause

77
Q

what is LUBB?

A

the first heart sound, systolic, caused by tricuspid and mitral valve closure

78
Q

what is DUPP?

A

the second heart sound, diastolic, caused by aortic and pulmonary valve closure

79
Q

when examining the lungs in a regional exam, what 3 methods are used?

A

auscultation, percussion, palpation

80
Q

what are 3 abnormal lung sounds?

A
  1. crackles
  2. wheezes
  3. pleuritic friction rubs
81
Q

after mild exercise, you hear increased lung sounds and observe closing of the nostrils. does this concern you?

A

no this is normal

82
Q

what 2 exam methods help determine lung density?

A

auscultation combined with palpation

83
Q

what should a normal lung sound/feel like?

A

resonant

84
Q

what will an edematous or consolidated lung sound like?

A

dull

85
Q

what 6 things does clinical examination of the abdomen include?

A
  1. visual inspection of abdominal contour for evidence of distension or gauntness
  2. auscultation of gastrointestinal sounds
  3. palpation and percussion through the abdominal wall
  4. rectal palpation
  5. passage of the nasogastric tube
  6. paracentesis of the abdomen
86
Q

what is paracentesis?

A

suction/sample collection

87
Q

what organs are located on the left sideof the cow?

A

rumen

88
Q

where is the cow abomasum?

A

right side

89
Q

where are cow intestines?

A

left side??

90
Q

what does bloat in a cow mean?

A

gas is trapped

91
Q

what does ascites/intestinal obstruction in a cow mean?

A

big guts

92
Q

what does hydrops/severe ascites in a cow mean?

A

big ole calf

93
Q

what does cecovolvulus/abomasal volvulus in a cow mean?

A

swollen cecum

94
Q

what does OTF/abomasal impaction in a cow mean?

A

huge rumen

95
Q

what 5 things are inspected in physical examination of head and neck?

A
  1. eyes
  2. nostrils
  3. mouth
  4. submaxillary regions
  5. neck
96
Q

list the 5 other body regions/organ systems that are inspected in a physical examination

A
  1. urinary system
  2. reproductive system
  3. musculoskeletal system and feet
  4. nervous system
  5. skin (including ears, horns, hooves, feathers

Animal Health and Diseases (24 decks)

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