Physical Examination

Question 1

what is the first aspect of physical examination?

Answer 1

general inspection

Question 2

what is general inspection?

Answer 2

look from a distance

Question 3

what 8 things are you examining in a general inspection?

Answer 3

1. general appearance
2. body condition
3. level of consciousness
4. posture and gait
5. hydration status
6. eating
7. defecation
8. urination

Question 4

describe how to generally inspect general appearance

Answer 4

look at the animal from a distance, observe movements and symmetry

Question 5

how is body condition used in a general inspection?

Answer 5

use the standard for each species

Question 6

list and describe the 5 levels of consciousness as observed in a general inspection

Answer 6

1. BAR: bright, alert, responsive, normal behavior
2. depressed: decreased response to stimuli
3. uncontrolled hyperexcitability: often in seizures
4. stupor/shock: limited response to stimuli
5. coma: no response to stimuli, patient unconscious

Question 7

what is paresis?

Answer 7

some movement, but lack of strength and decreased muscle tone

Question 8

what is ataxia?

Answer 8

keep muscle tone, but lack of proprioception

Question 9

when is ataxia often observed?

Answer 9

inner ear infections

Question 10

what is paralysis?

Answer 10

complete lack of movement

Question 11

what is one of the first signs of dehydration?

Answer 11

reduced skin elasticity

Question 12

when dehydration is >5%, what will be observed in the patient by the owner?

Answer 12

a few episodes of vomiting and or diarrhea, but no physical abnormalities

Question 13

when dehydration is between 6-8%, what will be observed in the patient?

Answer 13

moderate-mild degree of skin turgor or fry mucous membranes, sunken eyes, increased episodes of vomiting and diarrhea

Question 14

when dehydration is between 9-11%, what is observed in the patient?

Answer 14

marked degree of skin turgor, dry mucous membranes, weak, rapid pulse, slow CRT, moderate-marked mentaldepression, excessive vomiting and diarrhea

Question 15

when dehyrdation is 12-15%, what is observed in the patient?

Answer 15

hypovolemic shock, death

Question 16

is weight the best comparison for body condition? why or why not?

Answer 16

not the best comparison point because breed variation

Question 17

in the case of swine body condition, what is the main point of observation?

Answer 17

all in the booty

Question 18

what does degree of lameness determine?

Answer 18

how fast you need to procede with treatment

Question 19

give an example of degree of lameness determining speed of treatment

Answer 19

large animals put more weight on front legs, so treat front lameness more urgently

Question 20

what do problems with prehension indicate?

Answer 20

mouth/teeth problems

Question 21

when examining eating in general inspection, what 3 things are you looking for?

Answer 21

problems in

1. prehension
2. mastication
3. swallowing

Question 22

what special part of eating are you looking at in general examination of ruminants?

Answer 22

eructation

Question 23

what 3 things are you looking at in general inspection of feces?

Answer 23

1. consistency
2. smell
3. color

Question 24

what happens with the act of defecation in constipation, rectal paralysis, or stenosis?

Answer 24

the act may become difficult and may be accompanied by straining or tenesmus

Question 25

what is stenosis?

Answer 25

narrowing of the spaces within the spine

Question 26

what is tenesmus

Answer 26

the feeling that you need to defecate even though your bowels are empty

Question 27

what does normal horse feces look like?

Answer 27

individual golf balls, will squish

Question 28

what does diarrhea indicate in a horse?

Answer 28

can be too much sand in gut, stress, diet change, parasites, or disease

Question 29

what does constipated horse feces look like? what does it indicate?

Answer 29

small dry balls; indicates an impaction because gut has sent all excess moisture to impaction to try to clear

Question 30

are worms common in adult horse feces? what can they determine?

Answer 30

not common; easy way to determine worm and wormer type though

Question 31

what is polyuria?

Answer 31

increased amount of urine

Question 32

what is oliguria or anuria?

Answer 32

decreased or lack of urination

Question 33

what is pollakuria?

Answer 33

increase of urination bouts, dribbling

Question 34

what is dysuria?

Answer 34

painful/difficult urination

Question 35

what is stranguria?

Answer 35

slow and painful urination

Question 36

if there was a hemorrhage in the abomasum, what will the feces look like? what is this called?

Answer 36

black and tarry, melena

Question 37

what will the feces look like after a hemorrhage in the small intestine?

Answer 37

uniformly dark red

Question 38

if there is a hemorrhage in the large intestines (cecum or colon) what will the feces look like? what is this disease called?

Answer 38

blood appears evenly distributed throughout the feces; dysentery

Question 39

if there is a hemorrhage in the rectum, what will the feces look like? what is this condition called?

Answer 39

blood as streaks or chunks or frank (obvious) blood, unevenly distributed; hematochezia

Question 40

describe the 5 scores of cattle manure

Answer 40

``` score 1: cream-soup consistency score 2: cake batter score 3: thick pancake batter score 4: peanut butter score 5: firm and stacks over 2 inches in height ```

Question 41

what does a score 1 of cattle manure (cream soup) indicate

Answer 41

a sick animal or a highly digestible ration and low fiber

Question 42

what does a score 2 of cattle manure (cake batter) indicate?

Answer 42

excess protein, carbohydrates, and low fiber

Question 43

what does a score 3 of cattle manure (thick pancake batter) indicate?

Answer 43

ideal!

Question 44

what does a score 4 of cattle manure (peanut butter) indicate?

Answer 44

lack of degradable rumen protein, excess low quality fiber

Question 45

what does a score 5 of cattle manure (firm and stacking) indicate?

Answer 45

poor-quality forage diet

Question 46

from what distance does a regional inspection occur?

Answer 46

a distance

Question 47

what do you look for in a regional inspection?

Answer 47

visual changes or defects (mass, bleeding, injuries, swelling, lack or hair) in head, neck, thorax, abdomen, external genitalia, mammary glands, and limbs

Question 48

what do you look for in a regional exam of the thorax?

Answer 48

1. respiratory rate: breaths/min 2. respiratory rhythm 3. respiratory depth 4. type of respiration 5. respiratory noises and stridors

Question 49

what is an increased respiratory rate called?

Answer 49

polypnea

Question 50

what is a decreased respiratory rate called?

Answer 50

oligopnea

Question 51

what is complete cessation of respiration called?

Answer 51

apnea

Question 52

what 3 things are looked for in respiratory rhythm?

Answer 52

1. inspiration 2. expiration 3. pause

Question 53

what are you looking at when observing respiratory depth in a regional exam?

Answer 53

amplitude or depth of respiratory movements

Question 54

what are the types of respiration?

Answer 54

thoracic or abdominal

Question 55

list 6 types of respiratory noises and stridors

Answer 55

1. coughing 2. sneezing 3. wheezing 4. snoring 5. roaring 6. grunting

Question 56

when is respiratory rhythm very important to track?

Answer 56

in stupor

Question 57

what is palpation?

Answer 57

use of fingers to describe size, consistency, temperature, and sensitivity of a lesion or organ

Question 58

describe doughy palpation

Answer 58

when the structure pits on pressure, as in edema

Question 59

describe firm palpation

Answer 59

when the structure has the consistency of a normal liver

Question 60

what should all compact organs feel like on palpation?

Answer 60

firm

Question 61

describe hard palpation

Answer 61

when the consistency is bonelike

Question 62

describe fluctuating palpation

Answer 62

soft, elastic, and undulates on pressure but does not retain the imprint of the fingers

Question 63

describe tense palpation

Answer 63

when the structure feels viscus and distended with gas or fluid under some considerable pressure

Question 64

describe emphysematous palpation

Answer 64

swollen structure that crackles under pressure because of the presence of gas in the tissue

Question 65

what is percussion?

Answer 65

when the body surface is struck to set deep parts in vibration and cause them to emit audible sounds

Question 66

describe the three noises commonly heard on percussion

Answer 66

1. resonant: the sound emitted by organs containing air (like a normal lung) 2. tympanic: a drum-like note emitted by an organ containing gas under pressure such as a tympanitic rumen or cecum 3. dull: the sound emitted by solid irgans such as heart and liver

Question 67

what is auscultation?

Answer 67

direct listening to the sounds produced by organ movement performed by placing the ear or stethoscope on the body surface over the organ

Question 68

what is succession?

Answer 68

strike area under examination multiple times

Question 69

what is ballottement?

Answer 69

strike area under examination with fist once

Question 70

what are the three vital signs inspected in a regional inspection?

Answer 70

1. temperature 2. pulse 3. hydration

Question 71

list 4 variances of temperature?

Answer 71

1. hyperthermia 2. hypothermia 3. fever 4. pyrexia

Question 72

what is hyperthermia?

Answer 72

high body temperature after work

Question 73

what is fever?

Answer 73

high body temperature caused by disease

Question 74

what are the 2 aspects of pulse? and the variances?

Answer 74

rate: bradycardia, tachycardia rhythm: regular or irregular

Question 75

what examination technique is mainly used when examining the heart in a regional exam?

Answer 75

auscultation

Question 76

what heart rhythm/sounds are we hoping to hear?

Answer 76

LUBB-DUPP-pause

Question 77

what is LUBB?

Answer 77

the first heart sound, systolic, caused by tricuspid and mitral valve closure

Question 78

what is DUPP?

Answer 78

the second heart sound, diastolic, caused by aortic and pulmonary valve closure

Question 79

when examining the lungs in a regional exam, what 3 methods are used?

Answer 79

auscultation, percussion, palpation

Question 80

what are 3 abnormal lung sounds?

Answer 80

1. crackles 2. wheezes 3. pleuritic friction rubs

Question 81

after mild exercise, you hear increased lung sounds and observe closing of the nostrils. does this concern you?

Answer 81

no this is normal

Question 82

what 2 exam methods help determine lung density?

Answer 82

auscultation combined with palpation

Question 83

what should a normal lung sound/feel like?

Answer 83

resonant

Question 84

what will an edematous or consolidated lung sound like?

Answer 84

dull

Question 85

what 6 things does clinical examination of the abdomen include?

Answer 85

1. visual inspection of abdominal contour for evidence of distension or gauntness 2. auscultation of gastrointestinal sounds 3. palpation and percussion through the abdominal wall 4. rectal palpation 5. passage of the nasogastric tube 6. paracentesis of the abdomen

Question 86

what is paracentesis?

Answer 86

suction/sample collection

Question 87

what organs are located on the left sideof the cow?

Answer 87

rumen

Question 88

where is the cow abomasum?

Answer 88

right side

Question 89

where are cow intestines?

Answer 89

left side??

Question 90

what does bloat in a cow mean?

Answer 90

gas is trapped

Question 91

what does ascites/intestinal obstruction in a cow mean?

Answer 91

big guts

Question 92

what does hydrops/severe ascites in a cow mean?

Answer 92

big ole calf

Question 93

what does cecovolvulus/abomasal volvulus in a cow mean?

Answer 93

swollen cecum

Question 94

what does OTF/abomasal impaction in a cow mean?

Answer 94

huge rumen

Question 95

what 5 things are inspected in physical examination of head and neck?

Answer 95

1. eyes 2. nostrils 3. mouth 4. submaxillary regions 5. neck

Question 96

list the 5 other body regions/organ systems that are inspected in a physical examination

Answer 96

1. urinary system 2. reproductive system 3. musculoskeletal system and feet 4. nervous system 5. skin (including ears, horns, hooves, feathers