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Animal Health and Diseases > Metabolic Diseases > Flashcards

Metabolic Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two ways you can get a metabolic disease?

A

inherited (congenital), or acquired

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2
Q

which way to get a metabolic disease is more common in small animals?

A

inherited

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3
Q

which was to get a metabolic disease in more common in production animals?

A

acquired

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4
Q

what are metabolic storage disorders and inborn errors of metabolism?

A

commonly related to genetic storage disorders with accumulation of metabolic byproducts; related with enzyme deficiency or dysfunction

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5
Q

what are production-related metabolic disorders?

A

development of diseases are related with management factors, but pathogenesis is related with alteration in metabolism in high energy-demand animals

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6
Q

what type of metabolic disease is procine stress syndrome (PSS)?

A

metabolic storage disorder

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7
Q

what is porcine stress syndrome also called?

A

malignant hyperthermia

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8
Q

what is malignant hyperthermia in pigs (3)

A

a metabolic storage disorder that is a

  1. life-threatening inherited disorder
  2. disease of the skeletal muscle
  3. mutation in the ryanodine receptors in the sarcoplasmic reticulum in myofibrils
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9
Q

what happens in porcine stress syndrome?

A

deficiency of Ca2+ channels, so all are released and none are left to hold muscle fibers

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10
Q

is it possible to genetically test for porcine stress syndrome?

A

yes, has defined genes that carry it

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11
Q

what happend when the ryanodine receptors in the myofibrils of the sarcoplasmic reticulum are triggered to fuck up?

A

whole body contraction

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12
Q

what are triggers of porcine stress syndrome?

A
  1. halogenated inhalation anesthetics (isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane)
  2. depolarizing neuromuscular blocking drugs
  3. stress!!!!
  4. exercise!!!!!
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13
Q

describe the pathogenesis of porcine stress syndrome?

A

sudden release of calcium in the myofibril cytoplasm which produces extensive contraction of skeletal muscles and fatal hypermetabolic state, skin hemorrhage

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14
Q

can you manually pull an affected prcine stress syndrome pig out of the contracted state?

A

no, just have to wait it out like a seizure

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15
Q

what are the symptoms of porcine stress syndrome? (7)

A
  1. muscle and tail tremors
  2. labored and irregular breathing
  3. blanching and reddening of the skin
  4. rapid rise in body temp
  5. collapse
  6. muscle rigidity
  7. eventual death
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16
Q

what is the genotypic designation of malignant hyperthermia in pigs?

A

stress-resistant: NN
stress-carrier: Nn
stress-positive: nn

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17
Q

what kind of meat is porcine stress syndrome related with? why?

A

PSE (pale, soft, exudative) due to more rapid pH reduction after slaughter

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18
Q

what is equine metabolic syndrome also called, officially?

A
  1. insulin disregulation syndrome

2. equine syndrome X

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19
Q

how can you remember what equine metabolic syndrome is?

A

fat horse syndrome!

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20
Q

what kind of environment are horses made to thrive in?

A

harsher environments

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21
Q

why does domestication often lead to equine metabolic syndrome?

A

horses meant for a hard life are given cushy, overfed, and underworked, sedentary lives instead

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22
Q

in what kinds of horses is equine metabolic syndrome often found?

A

obese horses and ponies

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23
Q

why is equine metabolic syndrome often found in obese horses and ponies?

A
  1. increased adiposity
  2. insulin resistance!!!!
  3. hyperinsulinemia: need more insulin bc it no longer targets tissues in the same way
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24
Q

describe the pathogenesis of equine metabolic syndrome

A

obesity leads to increased leptin, adipokines, and inflammatory mediators, which increases fatty stores, which increases fat in the liver, which increases insulin resistance, which increases insulin levelsm which causes dysregulation of glucose metabolism

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25
Q

describe how equine metabolic syndrome causes predisposition to laminitis

A

insulin is related with vasoregulatory effect, and insulin resistance decreases nitric oxide which causes vasoconstriction, which leads to altered epidermal cell function and glucose uptake, which causes predisposition to laminitis

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26
Q

what is laminitis?

A

inflammation and pain in foot/hoof

27
Q

what are the clinical findings of equine metabolic syndrome? (5)

A
  1. localized adiposity
  2. laminitis might exist
  3. patient might not lose weight with feed restriction
  4. increased appetite
  5. infertility and abnormal repro cycle in mares
28
Q

why might a patient with equine metabolic syndrome not lose weight with feed restriction?

A

because it is hard to treat once horse reaches obesity

29
Q

describe treatment and prevention of equine metabolic syndrome

A
  1. progressive dietary management, specifically carbohydrate restriction
  2. exercise
  3. if diet and exercise not enough, use medicine
  4. NO SUDDEN dietary changes
30
Q

why are sudden dietary changes not effective as a course of treatment in a horse with equine metabolic syndrome?

A

might increase lipid release, which could cause liver failure in extreme cases

31
Q

what is equine fatigue?

A

horse inability to continue when exercised for too long or too hard

32
Q

list the symptoms of equine fatigue (11)

A
  1. panting
  2. profuse sweating
  3. dehydration
  4. acid-base imbalances
  5. electrolyte imbalances
  6. exhaustion, laying down
  7. decreased motivation
  8. respiratory issues
  9. lethargy and tiredness
  10. loss of muscle coordination
  11. death after 10-15% dehydration
33
Q

what causes the acid-base imbalances observed in equine fatigue?

A

increased metabolism with no new food or water kicks in anaerobic exercise, which produces lactic ACID, leading to imbalance

34
Q

what causes the electrolyte imbalances observed in equine fatigue?

A

the profuse sweat loss

35
Q

when high intensity exercise causes equine fatigue, what happens? (pathogenesis)

A

increase in anaerobic metabolism of creatinine phosphate and glycogen leads to intracellular acidosis and negative feedback in glycolytic enzymes

36
Q

what accumulates in the muscles when high intensity exercise causes equine fatigue?

A

hydrogen ions, lactate, phosphate, ammonia, and ADP

37
Q

what decreases in the muscles when high intensity exercise causes equine fatigue?

A

ATP, phosphocreatine, and pH

38
Q

what two types of exercise can cause equine fatigue?

A
  1. high intensity exercise

2. prolonged exercise

39
Q

describe what happens when prolonged exercise causes equine fatigue (pathogenesis)?

A

increased temperature, increased use of liver and muscle glycogen causes hypoglycemia

40
Q

for what duration of submaximal exercise does muscle provide 50% of glycogen?

A

30 minutes, drops down after that

41
Q

how much of total energy used for exercise comes from blood glucose?

A

only 10%, the rest has to go to other places

42
Q

what is the best way to prevent equine fatigue?

A

avoid heat

43
Q

is transition cattle disease a specific disease itslef?

A

no, it covers a wide range of disease that all happen during the transition time period

44
Q

what percentage of disease in dairy cattle happen between 3 weeks pre and 3 weeks post parturition?

A

80%

45
Q

why do so many metabolic disease occur in dairy cattle in this transition period pre and post partum?

A

mom’s body transitions more to supporting baby than mom prepartum, baby grows so much that mom stomach shrinks and she is not taking in as many nutrients. then, once she calves, her stomach is still small but now her body is putting all its energy into rearranging body and producing milk that mom has a negative energy balance as her lactation is at its peak and body energy stores are at their lowest, will take from muscle, adipose tissue, etc to make up the gap

46
Q

why does body condition score in dairy cattle matter so much in transition cattle diseases?

A

if mom too think before calving, will get sick because of the whole negative energy balance thing, and if cows with a BCS of > or equal to 3.75% are more likely to mobilize their body stores to produce milk = ketosis

47
Q

what is ketosis also called?

A

acetonemia, ketonemia

48
Q

when does ketosis typically occur in cattle?

A

in dairy cattle during early lactation

49
Q

when does type II ketosis usually occur? what is it accompanied by?

A

very early lactation (after baby), usually accompanied by fatty liver

50
Q

when does type I ketosis usually occur?

A

close to the peak of lactation (4-6 weeks post baby)

51
Q

what is the pathogenesis of ketosis?

A
  1. feed intake does not meet energy demand
  2. insufficient ruminal production of proprionic acid, a volatile fatty acid and the main producer of glucose
  3. not enough glucose so cow become hypoglycemic (low blood sugar)
  4. low blood sugar makes cow metabolize fatty acids and glycerol supplies
  5. those fatty acid and glycerol stores are oxidized to form Acetyl-CoA (but makes a fuck ton) so
  6. excess Acetyl-CoA (due to lack of energy to convert more) is converted ketone bodies
  7. accumulation of ketone bodies excreted in milk and urine = ketosis
52
Q

what happens to the liver in ketosis?

A

when feed intake does not match energy demand, there is a lack of energy and the liver can’t cope

53
Q

can ketone bodies be used for energy? efficiently?

A

yes but they are inefficient, and some glucose-dependent tissues (like the liver) can’t use

54
Q

describe the epidemiology of ketosis in cattle

A
  1. prevalence of 7-14%, a range that depends on management
  2. all cows can be affected
  3. no genetic predisposition
  4. there is greater risk in cows with BCS > or equal to 3.75
55
Q

what clinical findings are associated with ketosis in cattle?

A
  1. apathy
  2. decreased feed intake
  3. decreased milk production
  4. empty abdomen
  5. CNS disturbances in a few cases
  6. increased BHB in blood, urine, and milk
56
Q

what is BHB?

A

Beta Hydroxy Butane

57
Q

what are the ranges of BHB?

A

0 (low) to 1.2 (normal) to greater than 1.2 (high)

58
Q

how do you treat ketosis IV?

A

IV bolus of 50% dextrose with out without glucocorticoids

59
Q

how do you make the decision to include glucocorticoids in the 50% dextrose IV bolus when treating ketosis in cattle?

A

glucocorticoids depress the immune system, which could icnrease the chance for mastitis or other infections, include glucocorticoids with caution

60
Q

what is glucocorticoid?

A

a stress hromone that raises blood glucose when present

61
Q

how do you treat ketosis with feed?

A

include propylene glycol (a glucoe precursor) in feed ration

62
Q

how do you treat ketosis in cattle phrophylactically?

A

control BCS before dry period (cow not too thin or too fat)

63
Q

what kind of diet is good for ketotic cattle during late lactation? why?

A

diets with highly digestible fiber and low starch, starch ferments super fast, not always time to get nutrients out before it’s gone

Animal Health and Diseases (24 decks)

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