Urinalysis

Question 1

lit 3 urine collection procedures

Answer 1

1. cystocentesis
2. catheterization
3. mid-stream flow

Question 2

what is cystocentesis?

Answer 2

a sterile urine collection technique where urine is collected from bladder through abdominal wall puncture guided with ultrasonography

Question 3

which urine collection procedure did Dr. Pullen always use and why?

Answer 3

cystocentesis, it is sterile and he is the ultrasound god

Question 4

what is catheterization?

Answer 4

a method of urine collection where a urinary catheter is placed in the urethra

Question 5

what is mid-stream flow collection?

Answer 5

allow the inital urine to flow (to flush out bacteria and get a more representative sample) and collecting the mid portion

Question 6

how to you stimulate urination in dairy cattle?

Answer 6

stimulate the vulva continuously

Question 7

what is inflammation of the bladder called?

Answer 7

cystitis

Question 8

how do you diagnose cystitis?

Answer 8

cystocentesis

Question 9

what are the 3 ways to classify diseases thatc cause urine issues?

Answer 9

1. pre-renal: problem before kidneys
2. renal: problem with kidneys
3. post-renal: problem after kidneys

Question 10

give 2 examples of pre-renal diseases

Answer 10

anemia, hemolytic diseases

Question 11

give 3 examples of renal diseases

Answer 11

nephritis: kidney inflammation
nephrosis: pathology in kidneys
some metabolic diseases in small animals

Question 12

give an example of a post-renal disease

Answer 12

UTI

Question 13

how quickly to you want to process a urinalysis after urine collection? why?

Answer 13

analyze within 4-6 hours after collection; urine will keep changing (pH, all levels, etc.)

Question 14

what are the 11 aspects of a urinalysis?

Answer 14

1. color
2. clarity or turbidity
3. odor
4. specific gravity
5. urine pH
6. protein
7. glucose
8. bilirubin/urobilinogen
9. occult blood
10. luekocytes
11. sediments

Question 15

what does coloir depend on in a urinalysis?

Answer 15

concentration of urine or diseases

Question 16

what does pink and red color indicate in urine?

Answer 16

UTI, kidney infection, other illness

Question 17

what does green urine indicate?

Answer 17

possible kidney problems

Question 18

what does brown urine indicate?

Answer 18

possible internal bleeding or toxic reaction

Question 19

if you are an owner and you see brown urine in your animal what should you do?

Answer 19

seek immediate medical attention

Question 20

what does transparent urine indicate?

Answer 20

overhydration

Question 21

what does pale yellow urine indicate?

Answer 21

perfect!

Question 22

what does dark yellow urine indicate?

Answer 22

dehydrated

Question 23

when does turbidity of urine (oppostie of clarity) increase?

Answer 23

in cases of pigmenturia, crystalluria, hematuria, pyuria, lipiduria, or mucus

Question 24

how do you test turbidity/clarity in urinalysis?

Answer 24

hold urine up to words and try to read them through the urine

Question 25

what gives color to urine?

Answer 25

fats/solids

Question 26

what animals have strong ammonia in their urine?

Answer 26

cats and goats

Question 27

what will urine with high ketones smell like?

Answer 27

acetone

Question 28

what alters odor of urine?

Answer 28

bacterial infections

Question 29

what is specific gravity of urine?

Answer 29

ratio of the weight of a volume of liquid (urine) to the weight of an equal volume of water (bascially density measurement)

Question 30

how do you measure specific gravity in urine?

Answer 30

using a refractometer

Question 31

what is the general pH or dog and cat urine?

Answer 31

acidic

Question 32

what is the general pH of horses and ruminants?

Answer 32

alkaline

Question 33

what does pH influence?

Answer 33

the formation of certain crystals

Question 34

what can the presence of protein in the urine be due to?

Answer 34

pre-renal, renal, or post-renal causes

Question 35

what condition would cause an increase of protein in the urine?

Answer 35

proteinuria

Question 36

what is the threshold for renal glucose?

Answer 36

>180mg/dL

Question 37

when do you see glucosuria?

Answer 37

after hyperglycemia (diabetes) and renalfunction

Question 38

what is bilirubinuria associated with?

Answer 38

increased hemoylsis

Question 39

when do you see increased urobilinogen?

Answer 39

with hyperbilirubinemia

Question 40

what is occult blood?

Answer 40

sneaky blood! can't be detected with naked eye

Question 41

what does occult blood help determine?

Answer 41

1. RBCs 2. hemoglobin 3. haptoblobin (which strips hemoglobin and RBCs)

Question 42

what do leukocytes in urine indicate?

Answer 42

infection

Question 43

how do you observe sediments in a urinalysis?

Answer 43

under a microscope