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Animal Health and Diseases > Parasitic Diseases- Arthropods > Flashcards

Parasitic Diseases- Arthropods Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 2 classes of arthropods?

A
  1. arachnida

2. insecta

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2
Q

what are the 2 types of arachnida? how many legs?

A

mites and ticks; 8 legs

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3
Q

what are the 4 types of insecta? how many legs?

A
  1. lice
  2. flies
  3. mosquitoes
  4. fleas
    6 legs
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4
Q

give 3 common characteristics for arthropoda parasites

A
  1. most of them only spend a portion of their life cycle in the host
  2. depend on the host as a nutritional booster for a specific life event
  3. all of them are extracellular and most are macroparasites and ectoparasites
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5
Q

what are the 7 yucky things that arthropod parasites do?

A
  1. blood-sucking
  2. surface-feeding on secretions
  3. surface-feeding on skin debris
  4. flesh-eating
  5. burrowing
  6. develop under skin
  7. mites in hair follicles
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6
Q

describe ticks (their yucky do and significance)

A

blood-sucking ectoparasites of worldwide veterinary significance

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7
Q

where are ticks especially important?

A

warmer, wetter regions

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8
Q

are ticks species-specific?

A

not as a general organism, but there are specific ticks for many species

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9
Q

what are the 3 stages of tick life cycles?

A
  1. larva
  2. nymph
  3. adult (male or female, they differentiate and sexually reproduce)
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10
Q

how many hosts can ticks have?

A

1 (direct) 2, or 3 (indirect)

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11
Q

describe a one-host tick life cycle

A

female leaves host to lay eggs in grass, the eggs hatch and larvae come back to the host to get a boost to mature into nymphs, then a boost to mature into adults, males and females reproduce, and cycle starts over

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12
Q

what is an example of a one-host tick?

A

Boophilus, or cattle fever tick, acrry Babesia, which is a pathogen that can cause fatal disease in cattle

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13
Q

do ticks have eyes? what does this mean in their life cycles?

A

no eyes, so they just wait at the top of grass until a host runs by/brushes against them and they go for the ride of life :’)

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14
Q

describe a 2-host tick life cycle

A

adults suck blood to reproduce, the female leaves the final host to lay eggs in grass that hatch into larvae and are picked up by the second (intermediate) host, larvae mature into nymphs, which drop of 2ndary host and molt into adults that wait in grass for final host

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15
Q

describe a 3-host tick life cycle

A

each pahse of development is in a different host
females leave final (3rd) host and lay eggs that hatch in the environment, the larvae attack the 1st host to get their boost, then drop off and mature into nymphs that attack the 2nd host for their boost and drop off to mature into adults that attack, mate, and feed on the 3rd/final host

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16
Q

why are there fewer parasites seen in controlled environments than non-controlled environments? (like less in dairies vs beef)

A

can control the entire life cycle of parasite, stop at all points/stop cycle

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17
Q

what are the direct effects of ticks? (4)

A
  1. mechanical injury
  2. anemia
  3. paralysis
  4. toxicosis
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18
Q

what causes diseases in tick hosts?

A

a neurotoxin present in tick saliva

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19
Q

what is the main host response to ticks?

A

prurito, or the urge to scratch the body, thus removing ticks

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20
Q

how do tick evade the host response of prurito?

A

there is a chemical in tick saliva that can quiet the prurito response and allow invasion of host

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21
Q

for what disease do ticks act as vectors? (5)

A

bunches, but specifically

  1. coxiellosis/Q fever
  2. rocky mountain spotted fever
  3. Lyme disease
  4. colorado tick fever
  5. tularemia
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22
Q

describe treatment and prevention of ticks (3)

A
  1. use of pesticides (acaricides)
  2. removal of ticks
  3. field magagement
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23
Q

what 2 other dieases does Q fever/coxiellosis look like and why?

A

Brucellosis or mono because causes joint pain

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24
Q

what must you ensure in removal of ticks and why?

A

get the head! if left behind it could cause infection

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25
Q

what is the emerging problem with using pesticides against ticks?

A

resistance

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26
Q

what is the name of common mange in pigs and dogs?

A

Sarcoptes scabiei

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27
Q

what other animals commonly get their own kind of mange? don’t need to know name

A

cats

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28
Q

in what animals is sarcoptic mange rare?

A

horses and sheep

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29
Q

what are the clinical signs of sarcoptic mange?

A
  1. papules
  2. scaling
  3. crusting
  4. excoriations
  5. severe pruritus
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30
Q

describe transmission of sarcoptic mange

A

through direct contact with infected animals or contaminated fomites

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31
Q

what decreases an animal’s risk for mites?

A

a good immune system

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32
Q

what increases an animal’s risk for mites? give an example

A

a poor/weak immune system; stray/feral animals are stressed and have lower immunity, leading to lots of mites and other parasites

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33
Q

describe treatment of mites

A

is difficult! but use acaricides

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34
Q

what is the blood-sucking mite that infects chickens, turkeys, pigeons, and various wild birds worldwide?

A

Poultry red mite, aka red mite, roost mite, or poultry mite

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35
Q

why are poultry red mites rare in commercial cage-layer operations?

A

due to the all-in, all-out, clean in between nature of the operations

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36
Q

where are poultry red mites usually found?

A

in cage-free environments such as breeder or small farm flocks

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37
Q

when do poultry red mites feed? what do in day?

A

nocturnal feeders that hide during the day

38
Q

describe the life stages of poultry red mites

A

larva to nymph to another nymph to adult

39
Q

how long after infested birds are removed can poultry red mites remain in environment?

A

up to 9 months

40
Q

where do most poultry red mite infections occur?

A

around the eyes

41
Q

what do heavy infestations of poultry red mites cause (6)?

A
  1. decreased reproductive potential in males
  2. decreased egg production in females (mites sucking all the blood)
  3. decreased weight gain in young birds- bad for broiler farms
  4. decreased feed conversion efficiency
  5. anemia
  6. death
42
Q

describe the host range of lice and why you don’t need to worry about dog lice

A

largely host specific

43
Q

what kind of ectoparasites are lice?

A

obligate ectoparasites, gotta do it

44
Q

what are the 2 types of lice?

A
  1. blood-sucking

2. chewing/biting

45
Q

in what animals are blood-sucking lice found?

A

only in mammals, not in birds

46
Q

in what animals are chewing/biting lice found? describe head and why it’s like that

A

found in mammals and birds; bigger head to eat secretions and oils

47
Q

where do lice live?

A

within the microenvironment provided by the skin and its hair or feathers

48
Q

how are lice transmitted?

A

primarily by contact between hosts

49
Q

what disease can lice cause and why?

A

pediculosis: manifested by pruritus and dermal irritation, with resultant scratching, rubbing, and biting of infested areas

50
Q

how do you treat lice (2)

A
  1. cut hair (easier in dogs than cattle)

2. ectoparasiticides

51
Q

how many species of fleas are there worldwide?

A

over 2200

52
Q

what yucky thing do fleas do?

A

blood-sucking

53
Q

what is the most prevalent flea species in North America?

A

Ctenocephalides felis (cat flea); infests over 50 different mammalian and avian hosts throughout the world

54
Q

what do symptoms do fleas cause?

A

severe skin irritation in animals and people due to blood sucking

55
Q

what diseases are fleas vectors for?

A
  1. Rickettsiae

2. Bartonella spp.

56
Q

what parasites are fleas intermediate hosts for? how does that cycle work?

A

filaria and cestode parasties, proglottids in feces, dogs lick and ingest fleas, now those larvae inside dog too

57
Q

what is the only life phase of the flea that lives in/on host?

A

adult

58
Q

where do fleas lay eggs?

A

outside host, in environment

59
Q

describe the life stages of fleas

A

eggs to larvae to pupae to adults

60
Q

describe control of fleas (3)

A
  1. elimination ON pets via insecticides
  2. elimination of existing ENVIRONMENTAL infestation
  3. prevention of subsequent infections
61
Q

can you only eliminate fleas on pets and be fine and flea free?

A

no, you must also eliminate the existing environmental infestation

62
Q

what is the problem with the use of insecticides to eliminate fleas on pets?

A

resistance

63
Q

what are the 2/3 methods of eliminating an existing environmental infection of fleas?

A
  1. residual insecticides to kill newly acquired fleas
  2. insect growth retardants
  3. combination of both
64
Q

describe prevention of subsequent reinfection of fleas

A

elimination of fleas in the yard/garden and dog houses

65
Q

what is flea allergy dermatitis?

A

an immunologic disease caused by infection of antigens from salivary glands of fleas as they feed on hosts

66
Q

what does flea allergy dermatitis cause in dogs?

A

pruritis and papulocrustous lesions destributed on the lower back, tailhead, and caudal and inner thighs

67
Q

what does flea allergy dermatitis cause in cats?

A

pruritis and papular dermatitis found on the face, neck, and back

68
Q

what is control of flea allergy dermatitis based on?

A

treatment and prevention of flea infestations, along with supportive care for dermatitis

69
Q

what does the order diptera of insecta include?

A

not only the common house fly and many other insects we commonly call flies, but also mosquitoes

70
Q

what feature are diptera characterized by?

A

2 wings

71
Q

what do diptera feed on? (4)

A
  1. blood
  2. saliva
  3. tears
  4. mucus
72
Q

what bad thing do diptera do?

A

spread bacteria, viruses, and parasites

73
Q

what are the 2 types of diptera? describe

A
  1. biting flies: feed on animal blood

2. nonbiting flies: feed on bodily secretions

74
Q

what are the 4 life stages of diptera?

A
  1. egg
  2. larvae: flies at this stage look like worms, are maggots
  3. pupa: cocoon
  4. adult
75
Q

where are fly eggs laid? (3)

A
  1. decaying flesh
  2. animal waste
  3. pools of standing water
76
Q

what is myiasis?

A

infestations of larvae in animals

77
Q

what types of diptera cause myiasis?

A

bot flies

78
Q

what are cat bot flies called?

A

Cuterebra flies

79
Q

how are cat bot flies transmitted?

A

females deposit eggs on stones or vegetation, and cats become infested as they pass through contaminated areas and the larvae enter the cats’ skin

80
Q

what symptoms do cat bot flies cause?

A

swellings with breathing pores around the head, neck and trunk, with the hair around the skin matted and swollen

81
Q

where can cat bot fly larvae also develop other than the head, neck, and trunk? (4)

A

brain, nose, throat, and eyelids

82
Q

what are botflies in horses called?

A

Gasterophylus flies

83
Q

describe the pathogenicity of bot flies in horses

A

considered benign, even though some pathology is observed

84
Q

how can bot larvae in horses be identified?

A

during oral inspection or gastroscopy

85
Q

how do you treat bot flies in horses?

A

ivermectin

86
Q

what are bot flies in sheep called?

A

Oestrus ovis

87
Q

describe the direct life cycle of Oestrus ovis (sheep bot fly)

A

the female deposits larvae in and about the nostrils of the sheep, the larvae then enter the nasal cavity and migrate to the paranasal sinuses, where the larval period lasts 1-10 months before mature larvae leave nasal passage (sneeze) and drop to the ground

88
Q

what symptom is caused by sheep bot flies?

A

nasal discharge

89
Q

how do you treat sheep bot flies?

A

ivermectin

90
Q

describe the life cycle of bot flies in horses

A

larvae hatch from eggs in horse stomach, exctreted in feces and are pupal stage in pastures, and the adult fly emerges from feces where they live on horse hair until the horse licks/ingests them and the cycle restarts

Animal Health and Diseases (24 decks)

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