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Animal Health and Diseases > Parasitic Diseases- the basics > Flashcards

Parasitic Diseases- the basics Flashcards

1
Q

what phylum do parasites belong to?

A

metazoa

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2
Q

what are the 3 classes of parasites?

A
  1. protozoa
  2. helminths
  3. arthropods
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3
Q

what are the 4 types (orders) of protozoa?

A
  1. sarcodina (amoeba)
  2. sporozoa (sporozoans)
  3. mastigophora (flagellates)
  4. ciliata (ciliates)
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4
Q

what are the 2 types (orders) or helminths?

A
  1. nematheminths (round worms)

2. plathelminths (flat worms)

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5
Q

what are the types of plathelminths?

A
  1. trematoda: flukes and flatworms

2. cestoda: tape worms

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6
Q

what are the 2 classes of arthropods?

A
  1. arachnida

2. insecta

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7
Q

what is the type of arachnida we are studying?

A

acarina: mites and ticks

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8
Q

what are the 3 types (orders) of insecta?

A
  1. siphonaptera: fleas
  2. diptera: flies and mosquitoes
  3. phthiraptera: lice
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9
Q

what 2 classes of metazoans are endoparasites?

A
  1. protozoa

2. helminths

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10
Q

what class of metazoans are ectoparasites?

A

arthropods

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11
Q

what is symbiosis?

A

any relationship where two or more species livel closely together

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12
Q

describe protozoans

A

eukaryotic and unicellular

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13
Q

describe helminths super broadly

A

worms

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14
Q

describe arthropods

A

jointed feet, animals!

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15
Q

what are the 3 kinds of symbiosis?

A
  1. mutualism
  2. commensalism
  3. parasitism
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16
Q

what is mutualism?

A

2 species living together, each dependent on the other for their mutual well-being and survival

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17
Q

what is commensalism?

A

two sepcies living together for the benefit of one or both, but without detriment to either party and without any metabolic dependence

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18
Q

what is parasitism?

A

two species living together where one of the pair (the parasite) is living at the expense of the other (the host)

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19
Q

what are the 2 types of parasitism?

A
  1. parasitiasis

2. parasitosis

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20
Q

what is parasitiasis?

A

parasite is present on or within the host and is potentially pathogenic, however the animal does not exhibit outward clinical signs of disease, or subclinical disease

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21
Q

what is parasitosis?

A

parasite is present on or within the host and does produce obvious injury or harm to the host animal

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22
Q

where do ectoparasites live? give 2 examples

A

on the body; fleas, fish-mouth worms

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23
Q

where do endoparasites live? give 2 examples

A

IN the body, worms, like heart worm

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24
Q

what are the 2 ways to classify parasites based on how/where they reproduce?

A
  1. extra/intracellular

2. macro/micro

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25
Q

describe extracellular parasites

A

live on or within host tissues but do not penetrate into host cells

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26
Q

what do extracellular parasites use to grow reproduce?

A

don’t use cell machinery, just use stuff within the host to grow and reproduce

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27
Q

describe intracellular parasites

A

live inside a host cell, modifying its genomic epxression to cater for their needs

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28
Q

where do microparasites multiply?

A

within their host

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29
Q

describe where macroparasites multiply

A

do not generally increase in number while they are on or within the final host; may produce eggs or larvae, but these are dispersed into the environment

30
Q

what are the 4 types of parasites in terms of how they got to be parasites?

A
  1. erratic/aberrant parasites
  2. indicental parasites
  3. facultative parasites
  4. obligatory parasites
31
Q

describe erratic/aberrant parasites, give an example

A

parasite in an ORGAN or location in which it does not normally live, got lost; like a lung worm in a kidney

32
Q

describe incidental parasites, give an example

A

parasite found in a HOST in which it does not usually live; like when humans consume raw fish and get anisakis, whose lifecycle should only be in ocean

33
Q

describe facultative parasites

A

free-living organisms that become parasitic with a specific host

34
Q

describe obligatory parasites

A

parasites with a mandatory “parasitic” experience

35
Q

why are obligatory parasites that way?

A

need lots of proteins and energy that they can’t get from environment, so they become parasitic

36
Q

define life cycle

A

succession of developmental stages that includes at least a portion in a definitive host

37
Q

what are the 2 types of life cycles of parasites?

A
  1. direct/homoxeneous

2. indirect/heteroxeneous

38
Q

describe a direct/homoxeneous life cycle

A

one host (is the definitive/final host) that contain the adult form of the parasite and produces eggs bc parasites have access to high nutrition

39
Q

describe an indirect/heteroxeneous life cycle

A

multiple hosts; still a definitice host, but now also intermediary hosts and even paratenic hosts

40
Q

what are the 4 types of hosts in parasitic life cycles?

A
  1. definitive/final host
  2. intermediary host
  3. transport/paratenic host
  4. reservoir host
41
Q

describe a definitive host

A

animal that harbors the adult, sexual or mature stages of the parasite

42
Q

describe intermediary hosts

A

animals that harbor the immature, juvenile, asexual or larval stages of a parasite

43
Q

describe transport/paratenic hosts

A

are a type of intermediary host where the parasite does not undergo and developmental changes and is instead encysted for transmission

44
Q

describe reservoir hosts

A

vertebrate host in which a parasite or disease occurs in nature and is a source of infection for humans and domesticated animals

45
Q

what kind of animals are mainly reservoir hosts?

A

wild animals; final or intermediary hosts that live in the wild and keep a disease going

46
Q

can reservoir hosts undergo the disease caused by the parasite?

A

it’s possible, but these hosts will also keep the disease persistent

47
Q

give an example of a definitive host

A

dogs in heatworm cycle

48
Q

give an example of an intermediary host

A

mosquitoes in heartworm cycle

49
Q

what are the 3 types of parasites in terms of their hosts

A
  1. homoxeneous/monoxeneous: one host
  2. stenoxeneous: narrow type of host
  3. euryxeneous: broad spectrum of hosts
50
Q

give 3 examples of reservoir hosts and the diseases they keep circulating

A
  1. deer are reservoirs for lungworms in cattle
  2. rodents are reservoirs for leptospirosa
  3. . wildlife in general are reservoirs for rabies
51
Q

describe the narrow type of hosts of stenoxeneous parasites

A

usually a type of animal, like small or large ruminants, carnivores, domesticated animals, etc.

52
Q

what are the 2 ways/methods of defense against parasites?

A
  1. host immune reaction

2. parasiticides

53
Q

what are the 2 apsectss of the host immune reaction against parasites?

A
  1. innate immunity: eosinophils play huge role here

2. adaptive immunity: lymphocytes

54
Q

what are parasiticides?

A

“the antibodies of parasites” or chemical compounds used to treat specific internal and external parasites

55
Q

what are the 4 types of parasiticides and what do they kill?

A
  1. antihelmintics: kill worms
  2. acaricides: kill mites/arachnides
  3. insecticides: kill insects
  4. antiprotozoals: kill protozoa only
56
Q

what are the 7 aspects of parasites’ evasion of immunity/defense?

A
  1. sequestration
  2. masking or changing surface proteins
  3. disturbance of immunological effector mechanisms
  4. modulation of the host immune response
  5. influencing apoptosis
  6. arrested development and hypobiosis
  7. creating resistance to parasiticides
57
Q

what is sequestration?

A

when parasites go to a place without easy immune access to hide from the immune system, like joints

58
Q

describe parasites masking or changing surface proteins

A

make immune memory worthless, no immune recognition or adaptive immunity defense

59
Q

describe parasites disturbing immunological effector mechanisms

A

parasites produce enzymes/chemicals to trick or inactivate the immune system

60
Q

describe parasitic modulation of the host immune response

A

change how the immune system reacts, like stopping phagocytosis via lipid component synthesis

61
Q

describe how parasites influence apoptosis

A

produce chemicals to cause the programmed cell death in the host, like death of eosinophils

62
Q

describe arrested development/hypobiosis of parasites

A

parasites stop development until immune response is less intense

63
Q

give an example of arrested development/hypobiosis of parasites

A

we find more parasites eggs in ewe feces during lambing bc the stress makes the immune system weak, we also see lost of eggs in lamb feces during weaning because the stress makes their immature immune system weak

64
Q

describe the goals of host-parasite balance

A

we can’t focus on complete eradication of parasites, that’s impossible because all animals have parasites, the goal is to lower the parasite load

65
Q

what are the 2 aspects of host-parasite balance?

A
  1. increased host susceptibility

2. increased parasite numbers

66
Q

what 5 things increase host susceptibility to parasites?

A
  1. stressed, debilitated, or immunocompromised: important to keep stress low
  2. exposed to parasties with which they have not co-evolved with: as in transport
  3. not allowed to express natural behavior
  4. selectively bred for production traits at the expense of natural ability to resist infection
  5. inbred
67
Q

what 5 things increase parasite numbers?

A
  1. host stocking density is increased
  2. parasitized animals are introduced into a previously clean area
  3. short-term weather patters or longer-term trends such as global warming
  4. surge in the population of intermediate hosts or vectors
  5. the parasite population becomes resistant to anti-parasitic medication
68
Q

why does an increase in stocking density of the host increase parasite numbers?

A

a portion of the life cycle happens in nature, so more separation of hosts allows parasite eggs/larvae to die before infection

69
Q

how do we deal with the act that introduce parasitied animals to clean animals causes an increase in parasite numbers?

A

give antiparasitics and quarantine

70
Q

describe how weather and climate influence parasite numbers

A

more rain means more humidity which increases parasite survival; some parasites only like certain climates

71
Q

how do we avoid anti-parasitic resistance?

A

cycle through 2-3 antiparasitics, like alternating flea meds

72
Q

what does the damage in the host caused by parasites depend on?

A

the parasite location in the body

Animal Health and Diseases (24 decks)

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