Hematology And Immunology

Question 1

What are the 4 functions of blood

Answer 1

-transports substances needed for cellular metabolism

-waste removal

• maintain and regulate body temperature, water, and electrolytes

-Defense against pathogens, alllergens, and cancer cells

Question 2

What is plasma made of

Answer 2

92% water
8% proteins , salts, and nutrients

Its the liquid portion of blood

Question 3

How much blood volume is in the body

Answer 3

4-6 liters

About 8 % total body weight

Question 4

How long does it take for blood volume to replenish

Answer 4

4-8 weeks

Question 5

What is the cycle of plasma and lymph fluid being recycled

Answer 5

Blood plasma
Interstitial tissue fluid
Lymph fluid
Blood plasma

Question 6

Where do blood cells come from

Answer 6

Inside red bone marrow

Question 7

What is hematopoiesis

Answer 7

Production of all blood cells from undifferentiated stem cells

Question 8

What are erythrocytes and what do they do?

Answer 8

Red blood cells

Transport O2 and CO2 through blood

Question 9

What do you call a decrease in RBC’s

Answer 9

Erythrocytopenia

Question 10

What do you call a decrease in iron

Answer 10

Sideropenia

Question 11

What are leukocytes

Answer 11

White blood cells

Question 12

What is the purpose of leukocytes

Answer 12

Defense mechanism of the body formed in red bone marrow , lymph spleen

Question 13

What are the major types of leukocytes

Answer 13

Monocyte
Eosinophil
Mast cell
Lymphocytes
Neutrophil
Basophil

Question 14

What is an increased white blood count called

Answer 14

Leukocytosis

Question 15

What is an decrease in white blood cells
Called

Answer 15

Leukopenia

Question 16

What role do lymphocytes play

Answer 16

Have a critical role in immune response to pathogens

Question 17

Where do lymphocytes migrate from

Answer 17

Red marrow to the thymus gland, that’s where they mature

Question 18

Why is important to know where lymphocytes migrate to

Answer 18

Where lymphocytes mature determines the the type they become

Question 19

What are thymus lymphocytes called

Answer 19

T- lymphocytes

Question 20

What are spleen and red marrow lymphocytes called

Answer 20

B lymphocytes

Question 21

Where does mature T and B congregate

Answer 21

They circulate through the blood and congregate in the lymphoid tissue

Question 22

What are platelets called

Answer 22

Thrombocytes
Which are blood clotting cell fragments

Question 23

What are the stages of coagulation

Answer 23

Stage 1: platelets attach to endothelium (vessel wall)

Stage 2: platelets start to release fibrin and begin to seal to endothelium

Stage 3: the fibrin network traps the RBC, and completely seal the endothelium

Question 24

What prevents blood plasma and cells from leaking out of vessel walls

Answer 24

Platelets (RBC clumps)

Question 25

What are abnormally low thrombocytes counts called

Answer 25

Thrombocytopenia May result in frequent bruising, epistaxis and clotting

Question 26

What medications prevent or reduce clots

Answer 26

Anticoagulants -aspirin -heparin -coumadin

Question 27

What is hemophilia

Answer 27

Inherited genetic disease disorder resulting from absence of critical clotting -patient can’t clot

Question 28

Per unit of blood there are more ……

Answer 28

Red blood cells

Question 29

What is the first line of defense of immunity

Answer 29

The skin -Physical barrier that’s hard to penetrate, mainly keratin - chemical barriers tears, sweat, and low pH repel pathogens

Question 30

What is the second line of defense in immunity

Answer 30

Non specific The initial response when invaded by a pathogen Occurs at site of entry

Question 31

What is the first thing that happens in non specific immunity when pathogens enter the body

Answer 31

Mast cells cause vasodilation to alert other leukocytes Mast cells secrete histamine to Kill pathogens

Question 32

What is the 2nd thing that happens in non specific immunity

Answer 32

Neutrophils secrete chemicals to kill pathogens Neutrophils also engulf pathogens (phagocytosis)

Question 33

What is the 3rd thing that happens in non specific immunity

Answer 33

Macrophage engulf pathogens (phagocytosis) Macrophages release chemical cytokines to keep the process going

Question 34

What is the 3rd line of defense

Answer 34

Specific immune response Responds to a specific pathogen and antigen

Question 35

What is an antigen

Answer 35

A protein marker in cells that identify the cell as human…or not

Question 36

What is an antibody

Answer 36

Proteins produced by the body to disable pathogens Y shaped

Question 37

What are the 2 ways the immune system will respond

Answer 37

Cell mediated response Humoral response

Question 38

Discuss cell mediated response

Answer 38

Cytotoxic T- lymphocytes destroy pathogens

Question 39

Discuss the humoral response

Answer 39

B-lymphocytes produce antibodies that “tag” specific pathogens

Question 40

What are the first 3 steps of cell mediated response and Humoral response

Answer 40

Step 1: pathogen enters the body Step 2: macrophage “attacks” pathogen Step 3: macrophage displays portion of pathogen on surface

Question 41

What are stages 4-6 in cell mediated response

Answer 41

Stage 4: Helper T-lymphocytes recognize pathogen by its antigen Stage 5: “Helper T lymphocyte “ activate cytotoxic T lymphocyte Stage 6: cytotoxic T cell releases chemicals to kill pathogen

Question 42

What are stages 4-7 in humoral response

Answer 42

Stage 4: Helper T lymphocytes “recognize” pathogens by its antigen Stage 5: Helper T-lymphocyte activates B-lymphocyte Stage 6: B-cells produce antibodies based on the pathogens antigens Stage 7: antibodies released and attach to pathogens antigens in future

Question 43

What are the 2 purposes of vaccinations

Answer 43

Individual immunity to infectious diseases Population safety by limiting the spread of infectious diseases

Question 44

Define a vaccination

Answer 44

The act of getting a vaccine to produce immunity to a specific infection or disease

Question 45

Define immunization

Answer 45

Becoming immune to a specific infection or disease, typically through vaccination

Question 46

What would be the cause for one to be immunocompromised or immunosuppressed

Answer 46

HIV/AIDS

Question 47

Where do stem cells originate from

Answer 47

Red bone marrow