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A & P: 2 > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 functions of the nervous system

A

-Communication
-storage and processing
-sensory
- involuntary movement
-voluntary movement

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2
Q

What are the 2 types of nervous system cells

A

Neurons & neuroglia

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3
Q

What kind of impulses did you neurons carry

A

Electrical impulses

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4
Q

What kind of impulses do Neuroglia nerves give

A

They do not carry electrical impulses

They support & nourish neruros

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5
Q

What is the structure of a neuron

A
  1. Body
  2. Dentrites
  3. Axon
  4. Myelin sheath
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6
Q

What is the purpose of dendrite

A

Carry impulses into the body of the cell

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7
Q

What is the purpose of the axon

A

Carry impulses away from the body of the cell

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8
Q

What is the purpose of the myelin sheath

A

Fatty substance that covers neural axons and dendrites

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9
Q

What does myelin mean

A

Fast

Speeds up electrical impulses

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10
Q

An efferent neuron controls

A

Motor

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11
Q

An afferent neuron is

A

Sensory

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12
Q

What is the difference between afferent and efferent neurons

A

Same structure but the body of an afferent is off to the side

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13
Q

What do neuroglia nerves do

A

Support and nourish cells of the central nervous system

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14
Q

What is the role of glial cells of an efferent neuron

A

Intelligence

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15
Q

What is the purpose of an astrocyte

A

Transport nutrients to neurons

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16
Q

What is the purpose of oligodendrites

A

“Build” myelin for axons

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17
Q

How do astrocytes protect neurons

A

Governing what goes in and out of neurons

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18
Q

What kind of barrier is Blood brain barrier

A

Physical and transport

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19
Q

What are the 2 functions of blood brain barriers

A

Restricts the entrances

Transports essential nutrients and some chemicals

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20
Q

Do dendrites and axons of different neurons touch

A

No, they leave a small gap

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21
Q

What is the gap called between a neurons axons and a different neurons dendrites

A

Synaptic gap / cleft

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22
Q

What are neurotransmitters

A

Chemicals released to cross the synaptic gap

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23
Q

Give some examples of neurotransmitters

A

Adrenaline
Acetylcholine
Dopamine
Endorphins
Gaba
Glutamate
Noradrenaline
Serotonin

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24
Q

What does it mean to be conscious

A

Aware of and responds to surroundings via the senses

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25
Define Locked-in syndrome
Wakefulness: open eyes, normal sleep wake patterns Awareness : fully Communicate: no body or facial movements , only eye movement
26
Define minimally conscious state
Wakefulness: open eyes , normal sleep wake patterns Awareness: inconsistent Communication: make eye contact , follow object with eyes, reach for objects , responds to command
27
Define the vegetative state
Wakefulness: open eyes, normal sleep wake patterns Awareness : no evidence Communication: no body or facial movement
28
Define a coma
Wakefulness: eyes not open, no sleep wake patterns Awareness: no evidence Communication: no body or facial movements
29
What are the two main divisions of the central nervous system
1. Central nervous system 2. Peripheral nervous system
30
What does the CNS consist of
- brain ( encephalon) - spinal cord -meninges - cerebrospinal fluid ( CSF)
31
What does the PNS consist of
-cranial nerves -spinal nerves - autonomic & somatic divisions
32
What does the right hemisphere of the brain control
Emotions and left handedness
33
What does the left hemisphere control
Language and right handedness
34
What separates the hemispheres
Longitudinal fissure
35
What connects the hemispheres
Corpus callosum
36
What are the 3 divisions of the brain
Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain
37
Discuss the forebrain
Majority of brain
38
Discuss midbrain
Small portion of Brian beneath the forebrain
39
Discuss the hindbrain
Most inferior portion of brain connecting to spinal cord
40
what is the cerebrum
aka cortex outer wrinkled part
41
what are the lobes of the cerebrum
frontal (emotions, anger) parietal (taste) temporal (hearing, smell) occipital (vision)
42
why is the cortex wrinkled ?
to maximize surface area
43
when does most of the folding occur
during the 7th month of pregnancy
44
where is the thalamus located
#19 inferior to cerebrum & corpus callosum
45
what is the function of the thalamus
switchboard of the brain sorts & directs electrical impulses sensory interpretation
46
where is the hypothalamus located
#21 just below the thalamus
47
what does the hypothalamus control
certain vital signs & endocrine functions via pituitary gland
48
Where is the hippocampus located
#18 anterior & lateral to midbrain inferiorto thlamus
49
what is the function of the hippocampus
formation of long-term memories neurons can repair & replicate here
50
where is the amygdala located
anterior to hippocampus tip of hippocampus
51
what is the function of the amygdala
controls sympathetic and parasympathetic function aka flight or fight
52
what is an "Amygdala Hijack"
cerebral cortex shuts down which controls logical thinking and planning
53
what is the midbrain
small portion of brainstem connecting forebrain to hindbrain
54
what is the function of the midbrain
communicates impulses between brainstem and spinal corn with forebrain
55
Where is the pons located
#36 expanded area below the hypothalamus
56
what is the function of the pons
transmits impulses control respiratory
57
where is the medulla located
directly beneath the pons
58
what is the function of the medulla
assist in controlling vital signs where nerves cross R to L
59
where is the cerebellum located
#35 expanded portion beneath occipital lobe
60
what is the function of the cerebellum
coordinates and smooths voluntary muscle movement
61
what are the layers of the meninges
Dura mater Arachnoid mater Pia mater
62
what are the spaces of the meninges
epidural space ( beneath bone & above dura mater) subdural space ( between dura mater & arachnoid mater) subarachnoid space ( between arachnoid & Pia mater)
63
what are ventricles in the brain
cavities within the brain filled with CSF
64
what is the role of the ventricles
communicate with subarachnoid space
65
what anatomy consist in the right & left lateral ventricles
#16 anterior, posterior, and inferior horn, & the body
66
discuss the 3rd ventricle
#19 beneath lateral ventricles space between the thalamus
67
discuss the 4th ventricle
#35e communicates with 3rd ventricle superiorly & subarachnoid space inferiorly
68
where does CSF go
circulates though all ventricles & subarachnoid space of brain and spinal cord
69
what is the purpose of CSF
cushion CNS tissue maintain intracranial pressure flush toxins from CNS
70
where does CSF form
in the lateral ventricles about 125-150ml
71
what does CSF consist of
mostly plasma few WBC NO RBC proteins and salts
72
where is gray matter located
outer layer in cerebrum
73
why does gray matter appear gray
due to cell bodies and dendrites
74
what happens in gray matter
processing area of brain no axons and myelin sheath
75
why does white matter appear white
presence of myelin sheath on axons
76
what is the function of white matter
communicating regions no neuron cell bodies, only axons and glial cells
77
where is the pineal gland located
#23 above midbrain cerebellum
78
what is the function of the pineal gland
regulates sleep cycle
79
where is the pituitary gland located
inferior from hypothalamus and within sella turcica
80
what are cranial nerves
nerves that originate from the under surface of brain part of peripheral system
81
where does the optic nerve attach
attaches to posterior surface of each eye
82
where does the optic nerve exit
optic foramen of sphenoid
83
where does the optic nerve enter
medial to anterior clinoid processes
84
what is the optic chiasm
where the optic nerve crosses
85
where is the vagus nerve located
down the neck into chest and abdomen
86
what is the function of the vagus nerve
regulation of reparation, heart, and abdominal organs
87
what is vagal tone
activity of vagal nerve in regulating parasympathetic functions -increased stress, anxiety, likley to get heart disease
88
what does a low vagal tone mean
increased stress, anxiety and heart disease
89
what is a result of paralysis of facial nerve
bells palsy
90
where do spinal nerve originate from
spinal cord
91
how many pairs of spinal nerves do we have
31 all motor and sensory
92
superior nerve control what part of the body
higher body parts
93
dorsal (posterior ) nerve roots are for what
sensory
94
ventral (anterior) nerve roots are for what
motor
95
what happens during a sudden adverse sensory event
somatic response is generated by spinal cord
96
what is the reflex arc
spinal cord triggers motor response motor nerves carry immediate response stimuli muscles of effected area
97
peripheral nerves carry what muscle functions
involuntary
98
define parasympathetic nerves
"cruise control" activates involuntary functions during normal activity mostly cranial nerve
99
define sympathetic nerves
fight or flight activate involuntary functions during emergencies mostly spinal nerve

A & P: 2 (17 decks)

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