Hematology and immunology C test

Question 1

what are the 4 functions of blood

Answer 1

1. transport substances
2. waste removal
3. regulate/maintain body temp, water & electrolyte balance
4. eliminate waste

Question 2

what is plasma made of

Answer 2

92 % water
8 % proteins, salts, nutrients

Question 3

how much blood volume is in the body

Answer 3

4-6 liters
8 % total body weight

Question 4

what is the order in which blood replenishes

Answer 4

1. blood plasma
2. interstitial tissue fluid
3. lymph fluid
4. blood plasma

Question 5

where do blood cells come from

Answer 5

inside red bone marrow

Question 6

define hematopoiesis

Answer 6

production of all blood cells from undifferentiated stem cells

Question 7

where do stem cells originate

Answer 7

red bone marrow

Question 8

what are erythrocytes and what do they do

Answer 8

red blood cells
transport O2 and CO2 through blood

Question 9

what is the life span of erythrocytes

Answer 9

120 days

Question 10

how are O2 and CO2 transported through blood

Answer 10

hemoglobin
iron protein

Question 11

define anemia

Answer 11

RBC or from deficiency

Question 12

define erythrocytopenia

Answer 12

decrease in RBC

Question 13

define sideropenia

Answer 13

decrease in iron

Question 14

what are leukocytes and what do they do

Answer 14

WBC
defense mechanism of body

Question 15

where are leukocytes formed

Answer 15

in red bone marrow and lymph spleen

Question 16

what are the main leukocytes

Answer 16

Basophil
Eosinophil
neutrophil
mast cell
lymphocyte
monocyte

Question 17

define leukocytosis

Answer 17

increase in WBC

Question 18

define leukopenia

Answer 18

decrease in WBC

Question 19

where do lymphocytes migrate

Answer 19

from red arrow to thymus gland

Question 20

why is it important to know where the lymphocytes go

Answer 20

their location determines what they become

Question 21

what are T- lymphocytes

Answer 21

lymphocytes that matured in the thymus

Question 22

what are B-lymphocytes

Answer 22

lymphocytes that matured in the spleen and red marrow

Question 23

where do mature T & B lymphocytes go

Answer 23

congregate in lymphoid tissue

Question 24

define platelets

Answer 24

AKA thrombocytes
blood clotting fragments

Question 25

what are the steps to form a blood clot

Answer 25

1. platelets attach to endothelium 2. platelets release fibrin and seal it 3. fibrin traps RBC, and completely seals endothelium

Question 26

define thrombocytopenia

Answer 26

low thrombocyte count

Question 27

what are blood clotting medication

Answer 27

aspirin heparin Coumadin

Question 28

what is streptokinase

Answer 28

a thrombolytic

Question 29

define hemophilia

Answer 29

inability to clot

Question 30

what is a complete blood count

Answer 30

lab test to determine cell count in blood

Question 31

what does hematocrit test

Answer 31

% of RBC per blood volume

Question 32

what is a titer

Answer 32

check for presence of antibodies to asses immunity

Question 33

each mL of blood contains....

Answer 33

more RBC per unit of blood

Question 34

what are the 3 lines of defense

Answer 34

1. skin 2. non specific immunity 3. specific immunity

Question 35

define the skin

Answer 35

physical barrier chemical barrier 1st line of defense

Question 36

define non specific immunity

Answer 36

initial response when invaded by a pathogen occurs at the site of entry

Question 37

what are the steps in non specific immunity

Answer 37

1. mast cells cause vasodilation to warn other leukocytes 2. mast cell creates histamine to kill pathogen 3. neutrophils secrete chemical to kill pathogen 4. Neutrophils & macrophage engulf pathogen 5. macrophage please a chemical to keep process going

Question 38

what are the defenses in non specific immunity

Answer 38

fever inflammation phagocytosis

Question 39

define specific immunity

Answer 39

response to a specific pathogen or antigen

Question 40

what is an antigen

Answer 40

protein marker found in cells that identifies if human or not

Question 41

what is an antibody

Answer 41

proteins produced by the body to disable pathogens "y" shaped

Question 42

what are the 2 ways your immune system responds

Answer 42

Cell mediated response Humoral response

Question 43

what is the cell mediated response

Answer 43

cytotoxic T lymphocytes destroy pathogens

Question 44

what is humoral response

Answer 44

B lymphocytes produce antibodies that tag specific pathogens

Question 45

what are the first 4 steps in cell mediated & humoral response

Answer 45

1. Pathogen enters body 2. macrophage attacks 3. macrophage displays on pathogen surface 4. Helper T cells recognize pathogen by its antigen

Question 46

what are steps 5&6 in cell mediated

Answer 46

1. Pathogen enters body 2. macrophage attacks 3. macrophage displays on pathogen surface 4. Helper T cells recognize pathogen by its antigen 5. Helper T cells activate cytotoxic T lymphocyte 6.cytotoxic cells release chemical to kill pathogen

Question 47

what are steps 5, 6, & 7 if humoral response

Answer 47

1. Pathogen enters body 2. macrophage attacks 3. macrophage displays on pathogen surface 4. Helper T cells recognize pathogen by its antigen 5. helper T cells activate B lymphocytes 6. B cells produce antibodies based on pathogens antigens 7. antibodies can attach to antigens in future

Question 48

what are the 5 types of immunizations

Answer 48

Dead -polio, influenza injection live but weak -TB, chicken pox , nasal influenza Only pathogens antigens -Hep B DNA inserted -Covid J&J mRna no pathogen -covid phizer and moderna

Question 49

define herd immunity

Answer 49

enough people in the population are vaccinated

Question 50

what is the universal blood type donor

Answer 50

o-

Question 51

what is the universal blood recipient

Answer 51

AB+

Question 52

what is lupus erythematosus

Answer 52

multiple organs are attacked and slowly shut down

Question 53

what are the 2 criteria to be an allergic reaction

Answer 53

B cellymphocytes produce IgE antibody An exaggeretd cell response