Human Anatomy - Bone Tissue (Basics)

Question 1

Bone tissue is ________ and ever-_____ throughout life.

Answer 1

Dynamic

changing

Question 2

Bones are composed of many different ______ so each is considered an ______.

Answer 2

Tissues

Organ

Question 3

Why are bones considered organs?

Answer 3

Made up of many different tissues thus, considered an organ.

Question 4

What are the different tissues in bone?

Answer 4

Osseous (bone) tissue
Cartilage (connective)
Adipose (connective
Nerves (nervous)
Blood vessels (muscle, epithelium, connective)

Question 5

What are the basic functions of bone?

Answer 5

Support
Movement
Protection
Mineral storage
Blood cell formation
Energy storage
(Energy metabolism)

Question 6

Describe how bones provide support.

Answer 6

The skeleton provides a hard framework.

Question 7

Describe how bone provides movement?

Answer 7

Serves as an attachment point for muscles.

Question 8

Describe how bone affords protection.

Answer 8

Cranium protects the brain, vertebrae protect the spinal cord, thoracic cage protects thoracic organs, pelvic girdle protects the reproductive structures.

Question 9

What minerals are stored by bone (major)?

Answer 9

Calcium and phosphorus

Question 10

What is the site of energy storage in bone?

Answer 10

Fat storage in yellow bone marrow

Question 11

What are the different types of bones. Provide one example of each.

Answer 11

Long bone - humerus
Short bone - talus
- Sesamoid bone - patella
Flat bone - sternum
Irregular bone - vertebrae/scapula

Question 12

The majority of the appendicular skeleton are _____ bones which have a ______ and distinct _____.

Answer 12

Long
Shaft
distinct ends

Question 13

What are the different portions of a typical long bone?

Answer 13

Diaphysis
Epiphyses
Metaphysis (growth plate)/epiphyseal plate
Articular cartilage
Medullary cavity
Spongy bone
Compact bone
Endosteum
Periosteum

Question 14

What is the diaphysis?

Answer 14

Shaft

Question 15

What are the epiphyses

Answer 15

Ends

Question 16

What is the metaphysis?

Answer 16

Also called the growth plate region. This eventually stops growing (18-21) and becomes the epiphyseal plate.

Question 17

What is articular cartilage?

Answer 17

Hyaline cartilage that wraps around the ends of long bones in the epiphyses, distal or proximal.
Two sets of cartilage that make a soft joint when two bones come together.

Question 18

What is the medullary cavity?

Answer 18

Middle part of the long bone.

Yellow bone marrow located here.

Question 19

Where is red bone marrow located?

Answer 19

Epiphysis.

Question 20

What is compact bone?

Answer 20

Dense outer layer of bone

Question 21

What is spongy bone?

Answer 21

Internal network of bone.

Question 22

Why are our bones hollow?

Answer 22

Compression and tension are highest at the ends, necessitating spongy bone in the epiphyses.
In the middle of the bone, these forces tend to cancel out.
So, to maximize the strength while minimizing weight, bones can support a medullary cavity in the middle, making them hollow.
(Max strength and minimum weight)

Question 23

What is the endosteum?

Answer 23

Thin membrane lining the marrow cavity.

Question 24

What is the periosteum?

Answer 24

Tough membrane covering bone but not the cartilage.

Question 25

What are the two layers of the periosteum?

Answer 25

Fibrous layer | Osteogenic layer

Question 26

What is the fibrous layer composed of?

Answer 26

Dense irregular connective tissue

Question 27

What composes the osteogenic layer?

Answer 27

Blood cells and blood vessels that nourish or help with repairs.

Question 28

What does the periosteum cover?

Answer 28

The complete exterior of the bone except where articular cartilage is located.

Question 29

How is the periosteum connected to bone?

Answer 29

By collagen fibre bundles.

Question 30

What do the collagen fibre bundles do for the periosteum?

Answer 30

Allows tendons and ligaments to attach to bone. | Prevents these from ripping off during contraction and tension.

Question 31

Bone is heavily _______.

Answer 31

vascularized

Question 32

Ligament connects _____ to ______.

Answer 32

Bone to Bone

Question 33

Tendons connect ______ to ______.

Answer 33

Muscle to bone

Question 34

Anatomy of the bone reflects _______.

Answer 34

Stresses

Question 35

_______ and _______ are greatest at the external surface of bones.

Answer 35

Compression and tension

Question 36

Flat bones, short bones and irregular bones contain _____ _____ but no ______ cavity.

Answer 36

Bone marrow | Marrow cavity

Question 37

What is Diploë?

Answer 37

Internal spongy bone of flat bones

Question 38

What are bone markings?

Answer 38

Superficial surfaces on bones that reflect the stresses imposed on them. 3 categories.

Question 39

What are the three categories of bone markings?

Answer 39

Projections - for muscle attachment Surfaces - that form joints Depressions and openings

Question 40

How did bones end up with specific markings?

Answer 40

Evolutionary due to switching to bipedal movement. | Depressions and openings are for nerves, blood vessels, tendons, ligaments to penetrate.

Question 41

Bone, is a connective tissue which has ______ spaced cells separated by _______.

Answer 41

widely | matrix

Question 42

35% of bone is ______ components. 65% is _______ (more than one word)

Answer 42

organic components | inorganic mineral salts

Question 43

What is the organic component of bone made up of?

Answer 43

Cells, fibres (collagen), organic substances. | Abundance of collagen.

Question 44

What is the primary component of the inorganic mineral salts of bone?

Answer 44

Calcium phosphate

Question 45

What does the inorganic mineral salt component of bone provide?

Answer 45

Resistance to compression.

Question 46

What are the four types of bone cells in bone tissue?

Answer 46

(Osteo)progenitor cells Osteoblasts Osteocytes Osteoclasts