HY - anatomy + embyrology

Question 1

polyhydraminos + elevated AFP

Answer 1

anencephaly - cannot swallow amniotic fluid due to brain damage

Question 2

holoprosencephaly

Answer 2

no midline separation of hemispheres + cyclopia and cleft lip/palate + fetal alcohol syndrome

Question 3

error in neuronal migration leading to smooth brain

Answer 3

lissencepahly

Question 4

tonsilar herniation + aqueductal stenosis + hydrocephaly

Answer 4

Chiari II malformation

Question 5

large posterior fossa + absent cerebellar vermis + enlargement 4th ventricle

Answer 5

Dandy-Walker Syndrome

Question 6

loss of pain + temperature in upper extremities and preserved touch

Answer 6

syringomyelia; spinothalamic tract lost first

Question 7

failure of spinal canal closure at week 4

Answer 7

neural tube defect due to folate deficiency or teratogen (valproic acid)

Question 8

elevated AFP + elevated AFP and acetylcholinesterase in CSF

Answer 8

NT defect

Question 9

cerebrospinal fluid-filled meningeal tissue that has herniated through vertebral defect + intact movements in baby

Answer 9

meningocele

Question 10

1st cleft

Answer 10

external auditory meatus

Question 11

remnant 2-4 clefts

Answer 11

persistent cervical sinus on lateral neck

Question 12

1st pouch

Answer 12

middle ear, eustachian tube, mastoid air cells

Question 13

2nd pouch

Answer 13

epithelium of palatine tonsil

Question 14

3rd pouch

Answer 14

inferior parathyroids , thymus

Question 15

4th pouch

Answer 15

superior parathyroids

Question 16

from which pouch is inferior parathyroid derived from?

Answer 16

3rd

Question 17

midline cyst that moves with swallowing

Answer 17

thyroglossal duct cyst due to failed migration of thyroid from tongue down neck

Question 18

mandibular hypoplasia + fascial abnormalities (cleft lip etc)

Answer 18

first pharyngeal arch

Question 19

maxillary artery from where?

Answer 19

1st aortic arch

Question 20

stapedial artery from where?

Answer 20

2nd aortic arch

Question 21

carotid arteries from where?

Answer 21

3rd aortic arch

Question 22

right subclavian + some aortic arch from where?

Answer 22

4th aortic arch

Question 23

proximal pulmonary arteries from where?

Answer 23

6th aortic arch

Question 24

patient comes in with carotid bruits. embryonic origin of this structure?

Answer 24

third aortic arch

Question 25

patient has giant cell arteritis with jaw claudication. what is the embryonic origin of this structure?

Answer 25

first aortic arch

Question 26

structures of foregut

Answer 26

pharynx to duodenum; blood suplly by celiac artery

Question 27

structures of midgut

Answer 27

duodenum to transverse colon; blood supply is SMA

Question 28

structures of hindgut

Answer 28

transverse colon to rectum; blood supply is IMA

Question 29

what is embryonic origin and blood supply of the stomach?

Answer 29

foregut and celiac artery

Question 30

what it is the embryonic origin and blood supply of sigmoid rectum?

Answer 30

hindgut and IMA

Question 31

what is the embryonic origin and blood supply of terminal ileum?

Answer 31

midgut and SMA

Question 32

ventral pancreas rotates in front of the gut instead of behind

Answer 32

annular pancreas

Question 33

olive-sized, solid mass in stomach of newborns

Answer 33

pyloric stenosis; delayed or absent gastric emptying with non-billious vomit

Question 34

how do you differentiate projectile vomiting of newborn?

Answer 34

billious = annular pancreas; non-bilious = pyloric stenosis

Question 35

embryonic origin and blood supply of structure involved in non-billous projectile vomiting of newborn?

Answer 35

pyloric stenosis of stomach = foregut and celiac artery

Question 36

3 beginning parts of kidney?

Answer 36

pronephros, mesonephros, metanephros

Question 37

what comprises metanephros and what does each make?

Answer 37

ureteric bud = ureter, pelvises, calyces, collecting duct; metanephric mesenchyme = kidneys

Question 38

what is the embryological origin of the kidneys?

Answer 38

metanephric mesenchyme of metanephros

Question 39

which structure is the last to canalize in kidney development leading to hydronephrosis?

Answer 39

ureteropelvic junction

Question 40

delayed opening of ureteropelvic junction can lead to _____

Answer 40

hydropheprhosis of baby in utero or newboard

Question 41

ablation of this structure would inhibit development of the definitive kidney

Answer 41

metanephric duct/ureteric bud of metanephros

Question 42

newborn with pulmonary hypoplasia + fascial abnormalities most likely had damage to which structure during development?

Answer 42

potter sequence due to failure of kidney development = ureteric bud

Question 43

what abdominal muscle comprises cremasteric muscle?

Answer 43

internal oblique

Question 44

what abdominal muscle comprise external spermatic fascia

Answer 44

external oblique

Question 45

internal oblique = ?

Answer 45

cremasteric muscle

Question 46

external oblique = ?

Answer 46

external spermatic fascia

Question 47

transversalis fascia = ?

Answer 47

internal spermatic fascia

Question 48

what structure must fuse to close connection between periotoneal cavity and scrotum

Answer 48

processus vaginalis

Question 49

newborn has fluid in scrotum. what embryological development failed?

Answer 49

patient has incomplete fusion of processus vaginalis

Question 50

meckels diverticulum is remnant of what?

Answer 50

vitelline duct

Question 51

this embryological remnant in the GI can sometimes have ectopic gastric tissue

Answer 51

meckels diverticulum

Question 52

intestinal discharge through umbilicus

Answer 52

persistent vitelline duct connecting umbiliculs to intestine contents

Question 53

what syndrome is associated with the double bubble sign?

Answer 53

duodenal atresia; downs syndrome

Question 54

projectile non-billious vomiting

Answer 54

pyloric hypertrophy; palpable mass in stomach in newborn

Question 55

embryology and blood supply of spleen

Answer 55

part of foregut; celiac artery; mesoderm

Question 56

this structure is a communication point between less and greater sacs

Answer 56

epiploic foramen

Question 57

above pectinate line, what is lymph drainage, blood flow, blood drainage?

Answer 57

internal iliac nodes, superior rectal artery of IMA, portal vein (can become engorged in portal HTN)

Question 58

below pectinate line, what is lymph drainage, blood flow, blood drainage?

Answer 58

superficial inguinal nodes, inferior rectal artery from pudendal and internal iliac, IVC

Question 59

what two structures meet to form anus?

Answer 59

hind gut and ectoderm

Question 60

vessel involvement with posterior duodenal ulcer

Answer 60

gastroduodenal artery

Question 61

blood supply of cardia and fundus of stomach

Answer 61

short gastric arteries off of splenic artery

Question 62

surgeon clamps hepatoduodenal ligament to stop hemorrhage. what vessel are being occluded?

Answer 62

proper hepatic artery, portal vein, cystic duct

Question 63

the middle colic, right coli, ileocolic, and ileal and jejunal arteries are all branches of what?

Answer 63

SMA

Question 64

with massive weightloss the last third of the duodenum can become compressed by which vessel?

Answer 64

SMA

Question 65

watershed areas of colon susceptible to ischemia in times of hypotension

Answer 65

splenic flexure + rectosigmoid junction

Question 66

which nerve plexus lives in the submucosal layer and absence of this correlates with what disease?

Answer 66

Meissner plexus, absence = hirschprung disease

Question 67

this muscular nerve plexus is compromised in achalasia

Answer 67

auerbach plexus

Question 68

columnar epithelium is found in which portion of GI tract

Answer 68

stomach, and distal third of esophagus in cases of barrett's esophagus

Question 69

role of brunner's gland

Answer 69

alkalize acidic contents coming form stomach

Question 70

what does portal vein carry?

Answer 70

deoxygenated nutrient rich blood from GI

Question 71

apart from the tail, where does the pancreas lay in the body?

Answer 71

retroperitoneal

Question 72

borders of hesselbachs triangle

Answer 72

inguinal ligament, inferior epigastrics, rectus abdominis

Question 73

this weakens making direct hernias possible

Answer 73

transversalis fascia