vitamins

Question 1

fat soluble vitamins

Answer 1

A, D, E, K; toxicity more common that water-soluble b/c accumulate in fat

Question 2

causes of fat soluble deficiencies

Answer 2

CF, sprue

Question 3

B1

Answer 3

thiamine: TPP

Question 4

B2

Answer 4

riboflavin: FAD, FMN

Question 5

B3

Answer 5

niacin: NAD+

Question 6

B5

Answer 6

pantothenic acid; CoA

Question 7

B6

Answer 7

pyridoxine: PLP

Question 8

B7

Answer 8

biotin

Question 9

B9

Answer 9

folate

Question 10

B12

Answer 10

cobalamin

Question 11

C

Answer 11

ascorbic acid

Question 12

B12 storage?

Answer 12

liver for 3-4 years

Question 13

B9 storage?

Answer 13

liver for 3-4 mo.

Question 14

symptoms of B-complex deficiencies

Answer 14

dermatitis, glossitis, diarrhea

Question 15

A deficiency

Answer 15

night blindness (nyctalopia); dry, scaly skin (xerosis cutis); corneal degenerations (keratomalacia)

Question 16

acute A toxicity

Answer 16

nausea, vomiting, vertigo, blurred vision

Question 17

A teratogenic?

Answer 17

yes - Isotretinoin is derivative - will cause cleft palate and cardiac abnormalities

Question 18

B1 (thiamine –> thiamine pyrophosphate/TTP) cofactor in what?

Answer 18

pyruvate dehydrogenase (links glycolysis to TCA), a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (TCA), transketolase (HMP shunt), branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase

Question 19

how do you make B1 deficiency diagnosis?

Answer 19

look at RBC transketolase activity, will increase following vitamin B1 administration

Question 20

two diseases caused by B1 deficiency?

Answer 20

Wernicke-Korsakoff and Beri Beri

Question 21

Dry beriberi

Answer 21

polyneuritis, symmetrical muscle wasting

Question 22

wet beri beri

Answer 22

high-output cardiac failure (dilated cardiomyopathy), edema

Question 23

when is B2 a cofactor?

Answer 23

redox reactions (succinate dehydrogenase in TCA cycle)

Question 24

B2 deficiency?

Answer 24

cheilosis (inflammation of lips, scaling and fissures at the corners of the mouth)

Question 25

What is B3 derived from?

Answer 25

Tryptophan, synthesis requires B2 and B6

Question 26

what is B3 used to treat?

Answer 26

dyslipidemia, lowers VLDL and increases HDL

Question 27

which vitamin is an essential component of CoA?

Answer 27

B5 - pantothenic acid

Question 28

what is the B6 cofactor?

Answer 28

pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)

Question 29

what is PLP cofactor used in?

Answer 29

transamination, decarboxylation reactions, glycogen phosphorylase, synthesis of cystathione, heme, niacin, histamine, and neurotransmitters including serotonin, epinephrine, NE, DA and GABA

Question 30

B5 deficiency

Answer 30

convulsions, hyperirritability, peripheral neuropathy, sideroblastic anemias

Question 31

B7 cofactor for what reactions?

Answer 31

carboxylations enzymes: pyruvate carboxylase (pyruvate to oxaloacetate), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (acetyl-coA to malonyl-coA), propionyl-coA carboxylase (propionyl-coA to methylmalonyl CoA)

Question 32

function of B9/folate?

Answer 32

converted to tetrahydrofolic acid (THF), co-enzyme for 1-carbon transfer/methylation reactions; important for synthesis of DNA and RNA

Question 33

where is folate absorbed?

Answer 33

jejunum

Question 34

which drugs can cause B9/folate deficiency?

Answer 34

phenytoin, sulfonamid, methotrexate

Question 35

B9 and B12 deficiency-induced anemias

Answer 35

macrocytic, megaloblastic anemia

Question 36

B12 function

Answer 36

cofactor for methionine synthase (transfers CH3 groups) and methylmalonyl CoA mutase

Question 37

causes of B12 deficiency?

Answer 37

malabsorption (sprue, enteritis, diphyllobothrium latum), lack of intrinsic factor (pernicious anemia, gastric bypass), absence of terminal ileum (surgical resection, eg in chron disease), or insufficient intake (veganism)

Question 38

scurvy sx

Answer 38

swollen gums, bruising, petechiae, hemarthorisis, anemia, poor wound healing, perifollicular and subperiosteal hemorrhages, corkscrew hair, weakened immune system

Question 39

D function

Answer 39

increase intestinal absorption of Ca and PO4; regulated bone mineralization/resorption (when high, bone resorption)

Question 40

should breastfed infants receive oral D?

Answer 40

YES, because K and D are not in milk

Question 41

can E enhance anticoagulant effects of warfarin?

Answer 41

YES

Question 42

K is necessary for which clotting factors?

Answer 42

II, VII, XI, X

Question 43

what is a K antagonist?

Answer 43

warfarin