IA. General Microbiology | 17. Active immunisation. Obligatory vaccines.

Question 1

I. Active immunization
1. What is active immunity?

Answer 1

Development of memory T cells (via disease or infection)

Question 2

I. Active immunization
2. What is active immunization?

Answer 2

Artificially induced, acquired, for treatment and protection

Question 3

I. Active immunization
3. What are the 2 types of active immunization?

Answer 3

• Natural active immunization
• Artificial active immunization

Question 4

I. Active immunization
4A. What are the features of natural active immunization?

Answer 4

1. Occurs after an acute or latent infection, and is both humoral and cellular with varying duration of immunity
   - Life-long immunity: rubella yellow fever
   - Short-term immunity: influenza, atypical pneumonia
2. Antibodies will only be effective against one serotype of the microbe
   - Some pathogens are single type (e.g. mumps virus and morbilli virus)
   - Others with several serotypes (e.g. streptococcus pneumonia (has 94 capsular types)
   - Some pathogens are always changing (e.g. influenza virus, Borrelia, Trypanosoma)
   - So can be infected twice or more because the capsule variation

Question 5

I. Active immunization
4B. What is an example of life-long immunity?

Answer 5

rubella yellow fever

Question 6

I. Active immunization
4C. What are example(s) of short-term immunity?

Answer 6

Short-term immunity: influenza, atypical pneumonia

Question 7

I. Active immunization
5A. What are the features of artificial immunization?

Answer 7

The use of vaccines

Question 8

I. Active immunization
5B. What are the features of vaccines?

Answer 8

• Immunization is achieved by administering live or dead pathogens or their components

Question 9

I. Active immunization
5C. Development of vaccines?

Answer 9

Vaccines come from the word vacca (cow)
- Jenner created the first vaccine against smallpox using the vaccinia virus
- Eradication of smallpox by vaccination was achieved in 1977

Question 10

I. Active immunization
5D. What are the requirements of vaccines?

Answer 10

• Should provide sufficient immunity
• Must be safe and harmless

Question 11

II. Types of Vaccines
1. What are the 5 types of vaccines?

Answer 11

• Live attenuated pathogen
• Inactive (killed) pathogen
• Toxoid
• Subunit vaccine
• DNA Vaccine

Question 12

II. Types of Vaccines
2A. What are the features of Live attenuated pathogen?

Answer 12

• Smaller dose is sufficient
• Provides good immunity (the entire microbe is used, with all its antigens)
• Attenuation: chemical or serial passage
• E.g. BCG or MMR vaccines

Question 13

II. Types of Vaccines
2B. What are the examples of Live attenuated pathogen?

Answer 13

E.g. BCG or MMR vaccines

Question 14

II. Types of Vaccines
3A. What are the features of Inactive (killed) pathogen?

Answer 14

• No risk of infection
• Higher amount is needed, with boosters required
• It will usually not provide life-long immunity
• Usually only humoral immunity (and no IgA)
• Microbes inactivated with chemicals or heat treatment
• E.g. Influenza, Hepatitis A

Question 15

II. Types of Vaccines
3B. What are the features of Inactive (killed) pathogen?

Answer 15

E.g. Influenza, Hepatitis A

Question 16

II. Types of Vaccines
4A. What are the features of Toxoid?

Answer 16

• Attenuated exotoxins
• E.g. diphtheria, tetanus

Question 17

II. Types of Vaccines
4B. What are the examples of Toxoid?

Answer 17

E.g. diphtheria, tetanus

Question 18

II. Types of Vaccines
5A. What are the features of Subunit vaccine?

Answer 18

1. Only the “protective” antigen is used (surface antigen)
2. The protective antigens can be:
   - Bacterial capsular polysaccharides (Hib)
   - Viral surface antigens (HBsAg)
   - Synthetic peptides

Question 19

II. Types of Vaccines
5B. What are examples of Subunit vaccine?

Answer 19

• Bacterial capsular polysaccharides (Hib)
• Viral surface antigens (HBsAg)
• Synthetic peptides

Question 20

II. Types of Vaccines
6A. What are the features of DNA vaccine?

Answer 20

Injecting genetically engineered DNA to produce an immunological response in the host (i.e immunoglobulin production)
- Plasmid DNA is used to alter the gene expression
- Possible usage of this for Malaria treatment in the future

Question 21

III. Obligatory vaccines
1. What are the 8 major obligatory vaccines?

Answer 21

Question 22

III. Obligatory vaccines
2. What are the features of BCG vaccines?

Answer 22

• BCG = Bacillus Calmette-Guérin
• BCG (against tuberculosis) is the only vaccination given before 4 months because it cannot be passed from mother to child during birth

Question 23

III. Obligatory vaccines
3. What are the features of DPTa vaccines?

Answer 23

Question 24

III. Obligatory vaccines
4. What are the features of IPV vaccines?

Answer 24

Question 25

III. Obligatory vaccines 5. What are the features of Hib vaccines?

Answer 25

Question 26

III. Obligatory vaccines 6. What are the features of PCV (pneumococcus conjugate vaccines) vaccines?

Answer 26

Question 27

III. Obligatory vaccines 7. What are the features of Varicella vaccines?

Answer 27

Question 28

III. Obligatory vaccines 8. What are the features of MMR vaccines?

Answer 28

Question 29

III. Obligatory vaccines 7. What are the features of Hepatitis B vaccines?

Answer 29