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AA Microbio Semifinal > II-A. Systemic bacteriology | 16. Haemophilus, Legionella, Bordetella > Flashcards

II-A. Systemic bacteriology | 16. Haemophilus, Legionella, Bordetella Flashcards

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1
Q

I. Haemophilus genus
1. What is the morphology of Haemophilus genus?

A

Gram-negative coccobacilli

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2
Q

I. Haemophilus genus
2. What are the important species of Haemophilus genus?

A
  1. H. influenzae (H. influenzae (type B))
  2. H. parainfluenzae
  3. H. ducreyi
  4. H. haemolyticus (see later, at HACEK-group)
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3
Q

I. Haemophilus genus - Haemophilus influenzae
3. What are the features of Haemophilus influenzae?

A

fastidious bacterium
- requires factor X and V for growth (hem and NAD)

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4
Q

I. Haemophilus genus - Haemophilus influenzae
4. What are the virulence factors of Haemophilus influenzae? (CAI)

A
  1. capsule (A-F serotypes)
    - B-capsule serotype is the most important
    - usually causes invasive infections
  2. adhesive pili
  3. IgA-protease (neutralizes mucosal immunity)
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5
Q

I. Haemophilus genus - Haemophilus influenzae
5. What are the diseases caused by Haemophilus influenzae?

A
  • otitis media, sinusitis
  • bronchitis, laryngitis, pneumonia
  • blood stream infection, meningitis
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6
Q

I. Haemophilus genus - Haemophilus influenzae
6. How do we diagnose Haemophilus influenzae?

A
  1. based on clinical signs and symptoms
  2. sampling: based on the clinical disease
  3. laboratory: culturing
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7
Q

I. Haemophilus genus - Haemophilus influenzae
7. How do we cultivate Haemophilus influenzae for diagnosis?

A

laboratory: culturing
* on factor X and factor V supplemented chocolate agar
* satellitism on blood agar

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8
Q

I. Haemophilus genus - Haemophilus influenzae
8. What is empirical therapy for Haemophilus influenzae?

A
  • beta-lactamase production might occur
  • amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, or cephalosporins ( for e.g. ceftriaxon)
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9
Q

I. Haemophilus genus - Haemophilus influenzae
9. What is prevention for Haemophilus influenzae?

A

MANDATORY B-serotype polysaccharide capsule vaccine (Hib) for the
prevention of invasive diseases

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10
Q

I. Haemophilus genus
10. What are the features of H. parainfluenzae?

A
  • only requires factor V for growth (NAD)
  • less virulent than H. influenzae, otherwise disease are similar
  • might cause endocarditis, prostatitis / orchitis as well!
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11
Q

I. Haemophilus genus
11. What are the features of Haemophilus ducreyi?

A
  • only requires factor X for growth (hem)
  • sexually transmitted infection (STI)
    +) soft, painful ulceration (chancroid)
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12
Q

II. Legionella genus
1 What is the important species of Legionella genus?

A
  • Legionella pneumophila
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13
Q

II. Legionella genus
2. What are the features of Legionella pneumophila?

A
  • most important species→ famous case: Philadelphia, 1976
  • Gram-negative short rods or coccobacilli, form filaments
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14
Q

II. Legionella genus
3. What is the source of infection of Legionella pneumophila?

A

environment (rivers, ponds, humidifier, shower, AC)

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15
Q

II. Legionella genus
4. What is the transmission route of Legionella pneumophila?

A

via aerosols

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16
Q

II. Legionella genus
5. What are the virulence factors of Legionella pneumophila?

A
  • haemolysin
  • listeria-coagulase
  • endotoxin (LPS)
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17
Q

II. Legionella genus
6. What are the diseases caused by Legionella pneumophila?

A
  1. mild form: Pontiac-fever
    - fever, muscle ache, headache, → AB therapy is not necessary
  2. severe form: legionellosis
    - atypical pneumonia, fever, confusion, kidney failure
    - high mortality (15-30%)
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18
Q

II. Legionella genus
7. How do we diagnose Legionella pneumophila?

A
  1. based on clinical signs and symptoms
  2. imaging (chest X-ray)
  3. Sampling
  4. laboratory
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19
Q

II. Legionella genus
8. How do we sample Legionella pneumophila?

Study These Flashcards
A

BAL (bronchoalveolar lavage), urine

21
Q

II. Legionella genus
8. How do we use laboratory to diagnose Legionella pneumophila?

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A
  • culturing of BAL on BCYE-agar
  • rapid antigen test from urine (antigens show up in the kidney in pneumonia)
  • ELISA, IF
21
Q

II. Legionella genus
9. What is the empirical therapy for Legionella genus

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A
  • macrolides (azythromycin)
  • fluoroquinolons (moxifloxacin)
  • rifampicin
22
Q

III. Bordetella genus
1. What are the features of Bordetella genus?

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A
  • Gram negative (-) rod
  • Encapsulated
  • Strict aerobe
23
Q

III. Bordetella genus
2. What are the important species of Bordetella genus

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A
  • Bordetella pertussis
  • B. parapertussis
  • B. bronchiseptica
24
Q

III. Bordetella genus
3. What is the morphology of Bordetella pertussis, B. parapertussis?

Study These Flashcards
A

Gram-negative coccobacilli

25
III. Bordetella genus 4. What are the virulence factors of Bordetella pertussis, B. parapertussis? (AFPFT)
1. adhesins 2. filamentous hemagglutinin 3. pertactin 4. fimbriae 5. toxins
26
III. Bordetella genus - Bordetella pertussis, B. parapertussis 5. What are the toxin produced by Bordetella pertussis, B. parapertussis?
- pertussis-toxin (ADP-ribosilase) → mucus secretion - tracheal cytotoxin, dermonecrotic toxin
27
III. Bordetella genus - Bordetella pertussis, B. parapertussis 6. What is the route of transmission of Bordetella pertussis, B. parapertussis?
via respiratory droplets
28
III. Bordetella genus - Bordetella pertussis, B. parapertussis 7A. What is the disease caused by Bordetella pertussis, B. parapertussis?
diseases: pertussis (whooping cough)
28
III. Bordetella genus 7B. What are the 3 phases of pertussis?
29
III. Bordetella genus 7C. What happen in incubation phase of pertussis (whooping cough)?
* lasts for 1-2 weeks * mild, upper respiratory tract symptoms
30
III. Bordetella genus 7D. What happen in paroxismal phase of pertussis (whooping cough)?
* usually lasts for more than a month * typical cough (wet cough) * sequelae: subconjunctival, intracranial haemorrhage
31
III. Bordetella genus 7E. What happen in reconvalescent phase of pertussis (whooping cough)?
lasts for a few weeks (easing symptoms)
32
III. Bordetella genus - Bordetella pertussis, B. parapertussis 8A. How should we diagnose Bordetella pertussis, B. parapertussis?
33
III. Bordetella genus - Bordetella pertussis, B. parapertussis 8B. How should we do sampling for Bordetella pertussis, B. parapertussis?
* coughing directly to the agar plate (rarely performed) * Ca-alginate or Dacron-tupfer (the use ofcotton swabs is not recommended!)
34
III. Bordetella genus - Bordetella pertussis, B. parapertussis 8C. How should we do laboratory for Bordetella pertussis, B. parapertussis?
1. culturing on Bordet-Gengou agar - selective agar maded of potato, glycerol, blood and penicillin 2. PCR from sputum / throat swab
35
III. Bordetella genus - Bordetella pertussis, B. parapertussis 9. What is the therapy for Bordetella pertussis, B. parapertussis?
macrolides (such as azithromycin)
36
III. Bordetella genus - Bordetella pertussis, B. parapertussis 10. How should we prevent Bordetella pertussis, B. parapertussis
mandatory diphteria-tetanus-pertussis (DTPa) vaccine * pertussis component: antigens of the bacterium (ain’t the toxin!)
37
III. Bordetella genus 11. What are the features of B. bronchiseptica?
- mainly an animal pathogen (bronchitis, pneumonia) - might cause aspecific caughing, pneumonia in humans (rare) - might cause a whooping cough-like disease in immunosuppressed patients
38
III. Bordetella genus 12. How can we diagnose B. bronchiseptica?
* clinical signs and symptoms, patient history * sampling: sputum, throat swab * laboratory: culturing
39
III. Bordetella genus 13. What is the therapy for B. bronchiseptica?
macrolides
40
IV. HACEK-group 1. What are the features of HACEK-group?
Gram-negative coccobacilli, which are part of the normal throat microbiota
41
IV. HACEK-group 2. What does HACEK-group include?
42
IV. HACEK-group 3. What is the disease caused by HACEK-group?
subacute endocarditis
43
IV. HACEK-group 4. How to diagnose HACEK-group?
44
IV. HACEK-group 5. What is the therapy for HACEK-group?
They are usually sensitive to beta-lactams * we usually combine beta-lactams with aminoglycosides (to achieve synergy) * therapy is usually 4-6 weeks long

AA Microbio Semifinal (99 decks)

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