IASM 02-07 Some Basics of Medicine Flashcards
(34 cards)
Name the process causing RNA to become back DNA
Reverse Transcription
For Deoxyribose molecule, what are connected to the following bases? 1' 2' 3' 5'
1’: Base
2’: OH
3’: Bond to the next nucleotide
5’: Bind to phosphate
DNA has a ___________helix structure
Right handed helix
Which bases are purines
A G
Which bases are pyrimidines
C T (CT scan!)
How many H bonds are there between A and T bases, C and G bases respectively?
A and T: 2
C and G: 3
In transcription, the TEMPLATE strand is read from _____ to _____. In translation, the mRNA strand is read from _____ to _____.
Transcription template strand is read from 3’ to 5’
For the mRNA, the transcription direction is from 5’ to 3’ of that mRNA.
5’ to 3’ (Translation mRNA)
Name the defective gene in Sickle cell Anaemia
HBB
Name the amino acid change in Sickle Cell Anaemia, and then what’s the change in terms of hydrophobicity?
Glutamic Acid to Valine
From hydrophilic to hydrophobic
Normal haemoglobin adopts a _________ structure.
Foetus haemoglobin adopts a _________ structure.
Foetus haemoglobin has a _______ affinity to oxygen
Normal haemoglobin adopts a Alpha 2 Beta 2 structure.
Foetus haemoglobin adopts a Alpha 2 Gamma 2 structure.
Foetus haemoglobin has a higher affinity to oxygen
Name the amino acid deletion of Cystic Fibrosis
Delta F508
Absence of Phenylalanine
In CRISPR-Cas9, there is Tracr RNA and Guide RNA. What are their functions respectively?
What do they form
Tracr RNA: Scaffolds to Cas9 protein
Guide RNA: Bind to the target DNA Sequence
They form sgRNA
Process of the gene cutting:
sgRNA binds to \_\_\_\_\_ Cas9 binds to \_\_\_\_\_ DNA \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ binds to the target sequence \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ cuts the original DNA leading to modification
Process of the gene cutting:
sgRNA binds to Cas9 (Responsibility of Tracr RNA)
Cas9 binds to PAM
DNA unwinds
gRNA binds to the target sequence (responsibility of Guide RNA)
Cas9 cuts the original DNA leading to modification
Transcription by RNA polymerase is a ______ dependent reaction
Magnesium
Describe the 2 further processes after transcription
- Addition of Poly A Tail at 3’
2. Splicing (by spliceosome) to remove introns to obtain the final mRNA
Name a disease caused by splicing problems, and name the respective genes responsible for it?
Spinal Muscular ATROPHY
Genes: SMN1, SMN2
Name a start codon
AUG
Name the stop codons
UAG UGA UAA
What is the function and significance of Aminoacyl tRNA synthase
Links amino acid with tRNA
Matches the amino acid with the anticodon
Name the 4 histone proteins
H2A
H2B
H3
H4
Name the enzyme required to convert mRNA to cDNA
Reverse Trnascriptase
Microarray:
Isolate ______ from normal people
Convert to _____ using ________
________ label the cDNA of normal patient in red, and the diseased patient in green
In the microarray, there are multiple nucleotide sequences in _____, they are known sequences to some important genes in human genome
_____ binds to the probes, unbound cDNAs are ________.
Colour red > green: _____________
No colour: ___________
Microarray:
Isolate mRNA from normal people
Convert to cDNA using reverse transcriptase
Fluorescently label the cDNA of normal patient in red, and the diseased patient in green
In the microarray, there are multiple nucleotide sequences in probes, they are known sequences to some important genes in human genome
cDNA binds to the probes, unbound cDNAs are washed off.
Colour red > green: gene is more expressed in healthy people
No colour: gene is not expressed in both healthy and diseased people
Humans use which type of amino acids
L type or D type
L-alpha amino acid
How to distinguish L type from D type amino acid? Name the CORN rule
with H facing towards you, L type amino acids spell CORN in clockwise direction
