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MBBS IASM > (OLD) 24/10/2021 > Flashcards

(OLD) 24/10/2021 Flashcards

(67 cards)

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1
Q

The term for increased stimulation or demand

A

Hypertrophy

Hyperplasia

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2
Q

The term for decreased nutrition or stimulation

A

Atrophy

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3
Q

What are prions?

A

Mis-folded proteins that can induce abnormal folding of specific normal cellular proteins

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4
Q

What is the term for single-celled fungi?

A

Yeast

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5
Q

What is the term for multicellular fungi?

A

Filamentous Moulds

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6
Q

What is the term for single-celled parasites?

A

Protozoans

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7
Q

What is the term for multicellular parasites?

A

Helminth

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8
Q

Types of direct transmission for communicable diseases?

A

Direct contact

Droplet

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9
Q

Types of indirect transmission for communicable diseases?

A

Airborne: Fine sized dust or droplet nuclei that remain suspended in air for long period of time
Vehicle: Food/ Blood
Vector-borne: Mosquitoes/ Fleas

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10
Q

Define Statutory notifiable diseases

A

medical practitioners are required by law to notify Director of Health of any suspected or confirmed cases of notifiable infectious disease

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11
Q

Define Sentinel surveillance

A

private practitioners may report weekly consultation rate on influenza-like illness

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12
Q

What is endemic?

A

The constance presence of a disease or infectious agent within a given geographic area or population group

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13
Q

Zoonosis

A

Diseases spread within animals

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14
Q

Herd immunity threshold formula

A

[(R₀-1)/R₀]

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15
Q

Incubation Period

A

Time interval between exposure and appearance of symptoms

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16
Q

Prodromal period

A

Period when nonspecific symptoms occur; Not all infection have

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17
Q

Specific illness period

A

Characteristic features of an infectious disease occur

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18
Q

Decline period

A

Symptoms are resolving

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19
Q

Convalescence period

A

Recover from illness

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20
Q

Order of the 5 periods

A 
Incubation
Prodromal
Specific Illnesses
Decline
Convalescence
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21
Q

Gram positive- colour

A

Violet

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22
Q

Gram negative- colour

A

pink

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23
Q

Gram positive bacilli: Aerobic: Spore forming

A

Bacillus

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24
Q

Gram positive bacilli: Aerobic: Non-spore forming

A

Listeria

Corynebacterium

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25
Gram positive bacilli: Anaerobic: Spore-forming
Clostridium
26
Gram positive bacilli: Anaerobic: non-spore forming
Lactobacillus | Bifidobacterium
27
Cocci: Gram positive
Staphylococcus Streptococcus Enterococcus
28
Cocci: Gram negative
Neisseria
29
Staphylococcus aureus | Strictly aerobic/ strictly anaerobic/ facultative anaerobic/ microaerophilic?
facultative anaerobic
30
For catalase activity, what is the difference between staphylococcus and streptococcus?
Staphylococcus is catalase positive | Streptococcus is catalase negative
31
Between the different staphylococci, which of them are coagulase positive and coagulase negative?
Staphylococcus aureus: positive Staphylococcus epidermidis: negative Staphylococcus saprophyticus: negative
32
Coagulase positive: what does it specify?
It converts fibrinogen to fibrin in blood, prevent phagocytosis
33
Coagulase test: what is positive result?
Precipitate forms
34
What virulence factor is responsible for attachment of staphylococcus aureus?
Teichoic acid | The 'sticks' sticking out from the membrane
35
What is function of protein A in staphylococcus aureus?
react with Fc of IgG and antibody cannot function: anti-phagocytic
36
What disease will Epidermolytic toxins cause?
scalded skin syndrome
37
What are the transmission route for SA?
direct contact
38
Pyogenic disease of SA?
Folliculitis => Furuncle => Carbuncle
39
Other pyogenic diseases of SA?
Osteomyelitis Arthurtis Pneumonia Infective endocarditis
40
Toxic mediated diseases of SA?
Scalded skin syndrome Toxic shock syndrome Food poisoning
41
Antibiotics for SA?
penicillin methicillin cloxacillin vancomycin
42
Where does neisseria live?
White blood cells
43
Describe neisseria
Gram negative diplococci
44
Neisseria is ____________ positive
Cytochrome oxidase
45
Name the structure for attachment for neisseria?
Pili | Fimbriae
46
Structure responsible for anti-phagocytic properties of neisseria?
Capsule
47
Neisseria: | Strictly aerobic/ strictly anaerobic/ facultative anaerobic/ microaerophilic?
Strictly aerobic
48
Name another virulence factor apart from pili or capsule in neisseria
Lipo-oligosaccharide
49
Name the clinical diseases of neisseria gonorrhoeae?
- Urethritis in men (pus come out from penis) - Endocervicitis in women - Pelvic inflammatory disease - Proctitis (rectum: anal sex) - Pharyngitis: oral sex - Gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum
50
How is Gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum caused?
When a child is born, he passes through the uterus of mother, and her eyes got infected
51
What is latent infection?
Pathogen is dormant or inactive No disease but pathogen not eradicated Periodic reactivation
52
What is chronic infection?
The level of virus does not increase or decrease
53
Pathogen, Non-pathogen, Normal host, Abnormal host
Pathogen+Normal host: Infection Non-pathogen+Normal host: No infection Pathogen+Abnormal host: Infection Non-Pathogen+Abnormal host: Infection
54
How to confirm the presence of a certain microbe?
by PCR
55
What test is used to screen TB?
Mantoux Test
56
How does viruses work? 3 ways
Cytolysis- Directly secrete toxins Immunopathological Damage- PAMP Receptors Oncogenesis- Integrate into viral genome
57
Why does the gram positive bacteria appear blue?
Thick peptidoglycan layer can trap the purplish blue gram complex
58
What ring does penicillinase break?
Beta Lactam Ring
59
The term for exchange of plasmid DNA containing antibiotic resistance genes through sex pili?
Conjugation
60
Function of the flagella
Motility
61
Penicillin inhibits ____________ synthesis
Cell wall (peptidoglycan)
62
Peptidoglycan layer is thicker in Gram positive bacteria or gram negative bacteria?
Gram positive bacteria
63
Describe the structure of peptidoglycan
Linear strands made up of N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM). Strands are cross-linked by short peptides
64
Outer membrane is present in gram positive bacteria or gram negative bacteria?
Gram negative bacteria
65
Safranin stains gram positive bacteria _______ and gram negative bacteria _______
Purple; Red
66
Escherichia Coli is gram positive or negative?
Gram negative
67
Lipopolysaccharides (endotoxin): Name the 3 structures
core oligosaccharide, O-specific side chain, lipid A

MBBS IASM (46 decks)

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