IASM 47: Cell Injury and Cell Death

Question 1

Which type of cell is most susceptible to ischemic injury

Answer 1

Neurones

Question 2

Name 4 types of reversible injury

Answer 2

Intracellular Oedema
Fatty Change
Hyaline Degeneration
Intracellular Accumulations

Question 3

Name 2 types of irreversible injury

Answer 3

Necrosis

Apoptosis

Question 4

What is the appearance of intracellular oedema

Name 1

Answer 4

Individual cells swollen with water vacuoles

Oedema: Water vacuoles; Fatty Change: Fat vacuoles

Question 5

What are the 2 causes of intracellular oedema

Answer 5

Derangement of cell membrane

Excessive influx of Na+ into cell due to damage of Na/K ATP pump

Question 6

What is the appearance of fatty change

Name 2

Answer 6

Accumulation of intracellular fat vacuoles
Displacement of nucleus

(Oedema: Water vacuoles; Fatty Change: Fat vacuoles)

Question 7

What is the most common cause of fatty change

Answer 7

Alcohol

Question 8

What are the most common sites of fatty change

Answer 8

Heart muscle
Liver
Renal Tubule

Question 9

What are the appearances of hyaline degeneration

Name 2

Answer 9

Homogenous glassy and translucent appearance

Eosinophilic, pink alteration

Question 10

What is the most common cause of hyaline degeneration

Answer 10

Hypertension

Question 11

What disease is commonly associated with hyaline degeneration

Answer 11

Hyaline arteriolosclerosis

thick hyaline arteriole wall with narrow lumen

Question 12

Name two common types of intracellular accumulations, and their respective colours

Answer 12

Lipofuscin- brown yellow

Haemosiderin- brown

Question 13

Compare the 4 differences between Apoptosis and Necrosis

• Pathologic?
• Acute inflammation?
• Membrane intact?
• Cell size change?

Answer 13

Apoptosis VS Necrosis
Physiologic + Pathologic VS Only pathologic
No Acute Inflammation VS Yes Acute Inflammation
Membrane intact VS Membrane disrupted
Cell shrink VS Cell enlarged

Question 14

Name two physiological causes of apoptosis

Answer 14

Normal cell turnover

Programmed cell destruction

Question 15

Formation of Apoptosis:

1. Genetic changes
2. DNA __________
3. Chromatin and Cytoplasm _________
4. Formation of ______________
5. Apoptotic bodies ______________ by _______

Answer 15

Formation of Apoptosis:

1. Genetic changes
2. DNA fragmentation
3. Chromatin and Cytoplasm condensation
4. Formation of apoptotic bodies
5. Apoptotic bodies phagocytosed by macrophages

Question 16

Steps of Necrosis:

1. ___________: Nucleus Shrinks
2. ___________: Nucleus becomes fragmented
3. ___________: Nucleus becomes disappeared

Answer 16

Steps of Necrosis:

1. Pyknosis: Nucleus Shrinks
2. Karyorrhexis: Nucleus becomes fragmented
3. Karyolysis: Nucleus becomes disappeared

Question 17

Steps of Necrosis:

1. Pyknosis: ___________
2. Karyorrhexis: _________________
3. Karyolysis: _________________

Answer 17

Steps of Necrosis:

1. Pyknosis: Nucleus Shrinks
2. Karyorrhexis: Nucleus becomes fragmented
3. Karyolysis: Nucleus becomes disappeared

Question 18

What is the cause of coagulative necrosis

Answer 18

Necrosis caused by deprivation of blood supply

Question 19

What is the appearance of coagulative necrosis

Name 2

Answer 19

Cell outline preserved with loss of nucleus

Becomes an eosinophilic opaque tombstone

Question 20

What is the appearance of liquefaction necrosis

Answer 20

Infarct of the brain

Question 21

Process of Liquefaction Necrosis

1. ______________ causing the loss of tissue structure
2. _________________ arrive to remove cell debris
3. ______________ occur in the brain

Answer 21

1. Powerful hydrolytic enzymes causing the loss of tissue structure
2. Macrophages arrive to remove cell debris
3. Cystic spaces occur in the brain

Question 22

Caseous Necrosis suggests which disease?

Answer 22

Tuberculosis

Question 23

What is the appearance of caseous necrosis

Answer 23

Amorphous mass surrounded by granulomatous wall

Question 24

There are two types of fat necrosis, name them

Answer 24

1. Enzymatic

2. Traumatic

Question 25

Steps of Enzymatic Fat Necrosis 1. __________ breaks down TAG to FA and Glycerol 2. Complexes with _______ to form _______ 3. Deposited as ____________

Answer 25

Steps of Enzymatic Fat Necrosis 1. Pancreatic lipase breaks down TAG to FA and Glycerol 2. Complexes with Calcium to form Soap 3. Deposited as Chalky White Patches

Question 26

Steps of Traumatic Fat Necrosis 1. Lipids released from __________ 2. Promote __________ and __________ reaction 3. Formation of ______________ mass

Answer 26

Steps of Traumatic Fat Necrosis 1. Lipids released from fat cells 2. Provoke chronic inflammatory and giant cell reaction 3. Formation of hard indurated mass

Question 27

What is the appearance of Fibrinoid Necrosis | Try Name 2

Answer 27

Tissue death accompanied by fibrin deposit | Rheumatoid Nodules

Question 28

Consequences of Necrosis: | Name 3

Answer 28

Consequences of Necrosis: 1. Release of cellular contents 2. Organ system failure (e.g. emphysema leading to lung failure) 3. Gangrene leading to disability (death of body tissue due to lack of blood flow)

Question 29

What is autophagy

Answer 29

AN adaptative response during nutrient deprivation | Lysosomal digestion of cell's own compartments