(OLD) IAS 61 + 65

Question 1

What is cell wall of fungi made of?

Answer 1

Glucan 60%
Protein 30%
Chitin 10%

Question 2

What component is there in fungi cell embrane

Answer 2

Ergosterol

Question 3

What are the three types of fungi?

Answer 3

Yeast- unicellular
Moulds- multicellular
Thermodimorphic fungi- Yeast at 37C and mould at 25C

Question 4

Name 2 types of yeasts

Answer 4

Candida albicans

Cryptococcus neoformans

Question 5

What mechanism does yeasts reproduce?

Answer 5

Budding

Question 6

Which stain is used for cryptococcus neoformans?

Answer 6

Indian ink staining

A negative stain which stains the background of the fungi, shows the capsule of C neoformans

Question 7

What are the long branching filaments that moulds form?

Answer 7

hyphae

Question 8

What structure does hyphae form

Answer 8

mycelium

Question 9

How does moulds reproduce?

Answer 9

Asexual or sexual reproduction

Question 10

Name 3 types of moulds?

Answer 10

Aspergillus fumigatus
Dermatophytes: 
Trichophyton
Epidermophyton
Microsporum

Question 11

Name a type of dimorphic fungi

Answer 11

Talaromyces marneffei

Penicillium marneffei

Question 12

What fungi will have a higher chance to infect us when we have low neutrophil level? (Neutropenia)

Answer 12

Aspergillus fumigatus

Question 13

What fungi have a higher chance to infect us with HIV infection?

Answer 13

Cryptococcus neoformans

Talaromyces marneffei

Question 14

Name two types of superficial infections by fungi

Answer 14

Candidiasis

Dermatophytosis

Question 15

Name two types of candidiasis

Answer 15

Oral thrush

Vaginal thrush

Question 16

Name three types of dermatophytosis

Answer 16

Tinea pedis (foot)
Tinea capitum (scalp, hair)
Tinea unguium (nails)

Question 17

What can we use to visualize mould

Answer 17

KOH smear

Question 18

What can we use to visualize candida

Answer 18

Gram smear

Question 19

What can we use to visualize cryptococcus neoformans

Answer 19

Indian ink smear

Question 20

What method to detect aspergillus fumigatus

Answer 20

Nucleic acid detection

Question 21

How does polyenes work

Answer 21

It complexes with ergosterol on the cell membrane and disrupt the fungal plasma membrane

Question 22

Name the two types of polyenes

Answer 22

Nystatin

Amophotericin B

Question 23

How does azoles work

Answer 23

Inhibit ergosterol synthesis

Question 24

Name three types of azoles

Answer 24

Fluconazole
Itraconazole
Voriconazole

Question 25

How does nucleoside analogues work? Name a type of it?

Answer 25

Inhibit DNA synthesis | 5-flucytosine

Question 26

How does echinocandins work?

Answer 26

Inhibit cell wall synthesis

Question 27

Name 3 types of echinocandins

Answer 27

Caspofungin micafungin anidulafungin

Question 28

Is candida albicans exogenous infection or endogenous?

Answer 28

Endogenous infection

Question 29

Where is the reservoir of candida albicans

Answer 29

Skin GI tract Female genital tract

Question 30

How to culture C. albicans

Answer 30

``` Agar plates (pus) Broth culture (blood) ```

Question 31

What antigen is present in serum of candida albicans

Answer 31

Beta D-glucan

Question 32

Are there any vaccines for C. albicans?

Answer 32

No

Question 33

Treatment for superficial candidasis

Answer 33

``` Nystatin Fluconazole (refractory cases) ```

Question 34

Treatment for systemic candidiasis

Answer 34

Fluconazole | Amphotericin B

Question 35

Term for single cell parasites

Answer 35

Protozoa

Question 36

Term for multicellular parasites

Answer 36

Helminths

Question 37

Name the three types of helminths

Answer 37

Nematodes Trematodes Cestodes

Question 38

Term for parasites living in body AND term for parasites living on the surface of body?

Answer 38

Endoparasites AND Ectoparasites

Question 39

Infection and infestation

Answer 39

Invasion of endoparasites inside the body VS external parasitism by ectoparasites

Question 40

What is the term for parasite host that harbours the adult or sexual stages of the parasite?

Answer 40

Definitive host

Question 41

What is the term for parasite host that harbours the intermediate or larval stages of the parasite?

Answer 41

Intermediate host

Question 42

What is the function of cyst

Answer 42

Cyst wall protects the organism so the organism can survive

Question 43

Term for the stage of parasite that is causing the disease

Answer 43

Trophozoite

Question 44

What are nematodes | Their appearance?

Answer 44

Roundworms | Elongated and cylindrical in appearance

Question 45

What are trematodes | Their appearance?

Answer 45

Flukes | Flat, leaf-like structure

Question 46

Are trematodes hermaphordites

Answer 46

Yes | They have male and female sex organs inside their bodies

Question 47

What intermediate host does trematodes require?

Answer 47

Freshwater snails

Question 48

What are cestodes | Their appearance

Answer 48

Tapeworms | Long, segmented adult worms

Question 49

Give an example of cestodes

Answer 49

Taenia solium

Question 50

Result of ingest eggs of Taenia solium

Answer 50

Develop into neurocysticercosis

Question 51

Result of ingest cysticerci

Answer 51

Develop into an adult worm

Question 52

Two types of arthropods: insects and arachnids | Differences?

Answer 52

Insects: have 3 pairs of legs Arachnids: have 4 pairs of legs

Question 53

The genus of protozoa that causes malaria infection

Answer 53

Plasmodium

Question 54

What is the natural vector of malaria

Answer 54

Female Anopheles mosquitoes

Question 55

What are the other routes of transmission for malaria

Answer 55

Blood transfusion Contaminated needles Congenital (through placenta)

Question 56

The most dangerous type of malaria Name the parasite Why

Answer 56

Falciparum malaria By plasmodium falciparum High levels of parasitaemia

Question 57

Name the 2 types of parasites that relapse would occur for malaria

Answer 57

Plasmodium vivax | Plasmodium ovale

Question 58

Name the stage for the sporozoites remain latent in the liver

Answer 58

Hypnozoite stage

Question 59

Name the stage for the sporozoites multiplying in the liver

Answer 59

exoerythrocytic stage

Question 60

What will the sporozoites infect after going into the bloodstream

Answer 60

Red blood cells

Question 61

Define relapse

Answer 61

Recurrence of symptoms after complete initial clearing of parasitaemia due to re-invasion of blood stream by exo-erythrocytic stages Therefore, we need to kill the hypnozoites

Question 62

Define recrudescence

Answer 62

Recurrence of symptoms after initial parasitaemia is reduced to a very low level but not completely cleared

Question 63

In laboratory diagnosis of malaria, what method is used?

Answer 63

Examination of blood films Antigen detection in blood Nucleic acid amplification

Question 64

What stain is used in the blood films during lab diagnosis of malaria?

Answer 64

Giemsa stain