IASM 10 12 13 15 16 17 20 21 22: Metabolism Trash

Question 1

Humans can digest which type of glucose, but not which type?

Answer 1

Can digest alpha glucose

Cannot digest beta glucose

Question 2

Which will starch be broken down into under the action of salivary amylase?

Answer 2

Alpha limit dextrin
Amylose
Amylopectin

Question 3

What will amylose be broken down into

Answer 3

Maltotriose
Maltose
Glucose

Question 4

What is the difference between 1,4 glycosidic linkage and 1,6 glycosidic linkage?

Answer 4

1,4: linkage within a chain

1,6: linkage between chains

Question 5

Which type of GLUT transporter is insulin sensitive?

Answer 5

GLUT4

Question 6

Brain can use _______ as fuel

Answer 6

Ketone bodies

Question 7

What organs utilize the following GLUT transporters?
Glut1
Glut2
Glut3
Glut4

Answer 7

1: Bumble bee’s best
2: last known phrase is
3: no problem
4: my friends

Glut1: bbb, blood cell, baby
Glut2: liver, kidney, pancreas, intestine
Glut3: neurone, placenta
Glut4: muscle, fat cells

Question 8

What is SGLT?

Function?

Answer 8

Sodium glucose linked transporter

Transports glucose/ galactose in, and sodium ion out

Question 9

What are the 2 ways for glucose to become fats

Answer 9

Pentose phosphate pathway

De Novo fatty acid synthesis

Question 10

Name the products formed during the glycolysis pathway?

Answer 10

Glucose
Glucose 6-phosphate
Fructose 6-phosphate
Fructose 1,6-biphosphate
Phosphoenolpyruvate
Pyruvate

Question 11

Name the enzyme:

Glucose to Glucose 6-Phosphate

Answer 11

Hexokinase

Question 12

Name the enzyme:

Fructose 6-Phosphate to Fructose 1,6-Biphosphate

Answer 12

PFK1

Question 13

Name the enzyme:
Fructose 1,6-Biphosphate to
Fructose 6-Phosphate

Answer 13

Fructose 1,6-Biphosphatase

Question 14

Name the enzyme:

Phosphoenolpyruvate to Pyruvate

Answer 14

PK

Question 15

Name the enzyme:

Pyruvate to Phosphoenolpyruvate

Answer 15

PEPCK

Question 16

In anaerobic glycolysis, what is the changes when pyruvate is converted to lactate?
Also name the enzyme

Answer 16

LDH-A

2NADH=>2NAD

Question 17

Approximately describe the Pentose Phosphate Pathway

Answer 17

Glucose
Glucose 6-Phosphate
Pentose Phosphate
DHAP
Glycerol 3-Phosphate
Glycerol
TAG

Question 18

Approximately describe the UDP Glucose Pathway

Answer 18

Glucose
Glucose 6-Phosphate
Glucose 1-Phosphate
UDP-Glucose
Glycogen

Question 19

Lactose Intolerance is due to the low levels of ______

Answer 19

lactase

Question 20

Describe the mechanism of lactose intolerance people

Answer 20

Low levels of lactase
Bacteria can ferment on lactose to form hydrogen or carbon dioxide or methane and fatty acid
Increase osmotic pressure which may lead to diaherra

Question 21

Fructose 2,6-Biphosphate stimulates __________.

Fructose 2,6-Biphosphate inhibits __________.

Answer 21

Stimulates PFK1

Inhibits Fructose 1,6-Biphosphatase

Question 22

What will happen when there is
A high insulin to glucagon ratio
A high AMP:ATP ratio

Answer 22

Stimulate the kinase domain of PFK2
Convert Fructose 6-Phosphate to Fructose 2,6-Bisphosphate
Stimulate PFK1

Question 23

What will happen when there is
A low insulin to glucagon ratio
A high ATP:AMP ratio

Answer 23

Stimulate phosphatase domain of PFK2
Convert Fructose 2,6-Biphosphate to Fructose 6-Phosphate
Remove the inhibition on Fructose 1,6-Biphosphatase

Question 24

Glucose to Pyruvate
Pyruvate to Glucose
Glycogen to Glucose
Glucose to Glycogen

Answer 24

Glycolysis
Gluconeogenesis
Glycogenolysis
Glycogenesis

Question 25

_________ can become ketone bodies

Answer 25

Acetyl-CoA

Question 26

Acetyl CoA can become fatty acids by ________ Fatty acids can become Acetyl-CoA/ Propionyl CoA by ____________

Answer 26

Acetyl CoA can become fatty acids by fatty acid synthesis Fatty acids can become Acetyl-CoA by fatty acid beta oxidation

Question 27

Give 3 examples of ketones

Answer 27

Acetone Acetoacetate Beta-hydroxybutyrate

Question 28

Describe the process and intermediates of Fatty Acid Synthesis And what is the purpose of the fatty acid produced

Answer 28

Acetyl-CoA Malonyl-CoA Fatty Acid Purpose: For storage

Question 29

Describe the the reactants and products of fatty acid beta oxidation

Answer 29

Fatty acid in mitochondria | Acetyl-CoA

Question 30

What does malonyl-CoA inhibit

Answer 30

Fatty acid beta oxidation

Question 31

In other words, name 2 positive allosteric regulators for PFK-1

Answer 31

AMP | Fructose 2,6-Biphosphate

Question 32

What are the functions of: White adipose tissue Brown adipose tissue

Answer 32

White: Store TAG Brown: Dissipate the energy as heat

Question 33

The liver cannot utilize ketone bodies as fuels because there is a lack of __________

Answer 33

Thiophorase

Question 34

Which amino acid can be transported in blood

Answer 34

Alanine

Question 35

What products can be converted from: Alanine Glutamic Acid Aspartic Acid

Answer 35

Alanine- Pyruvate Glutamic Acid- Alpha-ketoglutarate Aspartic Acid- Oxaloacetate

Question 36

Glutamine can be converted to glutamic acid, then to alpha ketoglutarate by releasing a _______ group

Answer 36

NH4+ group | each step

Question 37

Name the enzyme that is responsible for transferring Acetyl CoA to Malonyl CoA

Answer 37

ACC

Question 38

Is ACC active in phosphorylated state or non-phosphorylated state?

Answer 38

Non-phosphorylated (thinking process: More insulin, exactly what happens after a meal, will acts as phosphatase, and you would want more acetyl-CoA to be malonyl-CoA).

Question 39

Is ACC phosphorylated or non-phosphorylated during exercise

Answer 39

Phosphorylated Exercise: You would want more fatty acid beta oxidation to release energy. Therefore you need less Malonyl CoA to remove the inhibition. Phosphorylated ACC prevents Acetyl-CoA to become Malonyl-CoA

Question 40

Is Lipase active in Phosphorylated state or non-phosphorylated state

Answer 40

Phosphorylated Insulin acts as phosphatase. After a meal, you get more insulin, and you don't want the lipids to break down because you want them to be stored. So it's inactive during non-phosphorylated state, ie active during phosphorylated state.

Question 41

Fatty acids can at some point ______ the glycolytic pathway And what is the significance

Answer 41

Inhibit When there's too much fatty acids, we want to save some glucose up for usage

Question 42

What is the problem of patients with Diabetes Type II, with regards to the glucose fatty acid cycle

Answer 42

They 本身 have high blood glucose level When they also have high fatty acid level, it inhibits the glucose to undergo glycolysis, so the glucose cannot be cleared So there's toxic level of glucose now

Question 43

Describe the process of Self-regulated ketone production

Answer 43

``` Increase ketone bodies Increase insulin level Lipase inactive and ACC active Inhibits TAG becoming FA More Acetyl-CoA becomes Malonyl-CoA Less acetyl-CoA, and Inhibition of fatty acid beta oxidation Reduced ketone synthesis Prevent Ketoacidosis ```

Question 44

In the Urea Cycle, the NH4+ group is donated by which two molecules?

Answer 44

Glutamic Acid | Aspartic Acid