IASM 69 70 72 73: Acute & Chronic Inflammation, T Cells

Question 1

What 4 types of WBCs are responsible for chronic inflammation. Name the transformation between two of them

Answer 1

Monocytes => Macrophages

T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes

Question 2

In the activation stage of Macrophages:
There is a positive feedback
Macrophage => Activated Macrophage (What substance is required?)
Lymphocyte => Activated Lymphocyte (What substance is required?)

Why is it a positive feedback, briefly explain

Answer 2

In the activation stage of Macrophages:
There is a positive feedback
Macrophage => Activated Macrophage (What substance is required?): IFN-Gamma
Lymphocyte => Activated Lymphocyte (What substance is required?): Interleukin 1, Tumour Necrosis Factor

IFN-Gamma is released from activated lymphocytes (Refer to IASM 67)
IL-1 and TNF are released from activated Macrophages

Question 3

Macrophages have a single nucleus and an abundant __________ cytoplasm

Answer 3

Foamy cytoplasm

Question 4

Chronic Inflammation Effects

Try to name 2

Answer 4

Chronic Inflammation Effects

• Fever, Leukocytosis
• Hyperplasia of lymphoid system
• Immune response with antibody production
• Systemic amyloidosis (build up of abnormal protein)

Question 5

Why is Granulomatous Inflammation sometimes?

Answer 5

In response to an agent that is resistant to eradication

Question 6

What components (cells) are inside the tubercle?

Answer 6

Langhan’s Giant cells
T lymphocytes
Macrophages

Question 7

Compare acute inflammation and Chronic Inflammation

• Duration
• Nature
• Response

Answer 7

Compare acute inflammation and Chronic Inflammation

• Duration: Short VS Long
• Nature: Exudative VS Proliferative
• Response: Resolution VS Fibrosis and Tissue Destruction

Question 8

Name 3 types of multinucleated giant cells in a Granuloma

Answer 8

Langhans Giant Cells
Foreign Body Giant Cells
Touton Giant Cell

Question 9

Name the 4 features of an inflammation

Answer 9

Redness
Swelling
Warmth
Pain

Question 10

Name the cells responsible for tackling acute inflammation

Answer 10

Neutrophil

Question 11

Name the 4 steps of acute inflammation
1.
2.
3.
4.

Answer 11

1. Margination: Neutrophils adhere to the vessel wall
2. Diapedesis: Neutrophils pass through the vessel wall
3. Chemotaxis: Neutrophil moves towards site of tissue damage by chemical signals
4. Phagocytosis: Engulf bacteria

Question 12

Cell-derived Mediators in Acute Inflammation
Where are they released from
1. Histamine
2. 5-HT
3. Cytokine
4. Chemokine
5. Nitric Oxide
6. Arachidonic Acid Metabolites (try)

Answer 12

1. Histamine- Mast cells
2. 5-HT- Blood Platelets
3. Cytokine- Macrophages
4. Chemokine- Macrophages
5. Nitric Oxide- Endothelial cells
6. Arachidonic Acid Metabolites- Various WBCs

Question 13

What are the effects of the above stuff

1. Histamine
2. 5-HT
3. Cytokine
4. Chemokine
5. Nitric Oxide
6. Arachidonic Acid Metabolites (try)

Answer 13

1. Histamine- Vasodilation
2. 5-HT- Increase Vascular Permeability (Increase diapedesis)
3. Cytokine- Increase neutrophil adhesion to vessel wall (Increase margination)
4. Chemokine- Attract neutrophils to the damaged site (Increase chemotaxis)
5. Nitric Oxide- Increase Vascular Permeability (Increase diapedesis)
6. Arachidonic Acid Metabolites (try)- Increase Vasodilation and Increase Vascular Permeability

Question 14

Histamine are released from mast cells

Yet they are stored in mast cells and ________

Answer 14

Stored in mast cells and basophils

Question 15

Arachidonic Acid are converted to _____________ when there is Tissue Injury

Answer 15

Converted to prostaglandins

Question 16

In Acute Inflammation, some plasma protein-derived mediators will be activated. There are 3 systems.
Try to name them

Answer 16

1. Complement system
2. Coagulation system
3. Kallikrein-kinin system

Question 17

After increased vascular permeability, transudate will be converted to ___________

Answer 17

Exudate

Question 18

During vasodilation, the blood will flow ________ (faster/slower) so that more fluid passes out. The blood becomes more __________ (concentrated/dilute), which is called _______, meaning vessels packed with slow-moving WBCs.

This will make the ______ (type of cell) closer to the vessel wall, facilitating _________ (step of acute inflammation).

Answer 18

During vasodilation, the blood will flow SLOWER so that more fluid passes out. The blood becomes more CONCENTRATED, which is called STASIS, meaning vessels packed with slow-moving WBCs.

This will make the NEUTROPHILS closer to the vessel wall, facilitating MARGINATION (step of acute inflammation).

Question 19

What opsonin will facilitate phagocytosis

May wish to refer back to IASM 67 as well

Answer 19

C3b

Question 20

Symptoms of Acute Inflammation (name 3)

Signs of Acute Inflammation (name 1)

Answer 20

Symptoms: Fever, tiredness, loss of appetite
Signs: Leukocytosis (very high WBC count)

Question 21

Benefits of Acute Inflammation (name 3, try)

Very general

Answer 21

Destroy invading microorganisms
Deliver oxygen, nutrients to injured tissue
Deliver drugs and antibiotics to site of action

Question 22

Harmful effects of Acute Inflammation

Answer 22

Destroy normal tissue

Oedema

Question 23

What is the order of body defence
1st barrier, 2nd barrier, 3rd barrier

Specific immune responses, non-specific immune responses, physical and chemical barriers

Answer 23

1st barrier- Physical and chemical barriers
2nd barrier- Non-specific immune responses
3rd barrier- Specific immune responses

Question 24

There are primary and secondary lymphoid organs. What are their functions?
Primary:
Secondary:

Answer 24

There are primary and secondary lymphoid organs. What are their functions?
Primary: Development and maturation of lymphocytes.
Secondary: Lymphocytes interacting with antigens.

Question 25

There are primary and secondary lymphoid organs. What are their functions? Primary: Development and maturation of lymphocytes. Name 2 examples Secondary: Lymphocytes interacting with antigens. Name some examples

Answer 25

Primary: Thymus + Bone Marrow Secondary: Lymph nodes + Spleen + Peyer's patches (small intestine) + Tonsils

Question 26

Name 4 characteristics of Specific Immunity

Answer 26

Name 4 characteristics of Specific Immunity 1. Self and non-self discrimination- avoid self-destruction 2. Immunological memory 3. Antigen specific 4. Diverse repertiore (Sufficiently diverse to recognize many pathogens)

Question 27

Antibodies There are 2 identical heavy chains and 2 identical light chains. They are linked by ________ bonds. Fab region is the _________ region. In terms of the Y, it is at the _____ end. Fc region is the _________ region. In terms of the Y, it is at the ______ end. Each antibody has 2 identical _________ sites.

Answer 27

Antibodies There are 2 identical heavy chains and 2 identical light chains. They are linked by disulfide bonds. Fab region is the variable region. In terms of the Y, it is at the tip (upper, fork)) end. Fc region is the constant region. In terms of the Y, it is at the base (lower, handle) end. Each antibody has 2 identical antigen binding sites.

Question 28

``` 5 types of antibodies IgA IgD IgE IgG IgM ``` Which ones are insoluble? Which ones form dimer? Which ones form pentamer? Which ones are membrane bound?

Answer 28

``` 5 types of antibodies IgA IgD IgE IgG IgM ``` Which ones are insoluble? IgD, others are soluble Which ones form dimer? IgA Which ones form pentamer? IgM Which ones are membrane bound? IgM, IgD (IgG and IgE nothing special)

Question 29

Antibody-dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity (ADCC) What antibodies are involved? What things will be attracted in the end?

Answer 29

Antibody-dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity (ADCC) What antibodies are involved?- IgG, IgE What things will be attracted in the end?- Natural killer cells, eosinophils *antibodies involved are the ones not appearing in the previous question

Question 30

``` Cytotoxic T Cells Have MHC ____ and also CD __ MHC= Major Histocompatibility Complex CDX=Co-receptor What is the function of this type of cells? ```

Answer 30

``` Cytotoxic T Cells Have MHC I and also CD8 MHC= Major Histocompatibility Complex CDX=Co-receptor Function: Develop Cytotoxic granules with perforins and granzymes ``` Helper <=> CD4 Killer <=> CD8 H comes before K, 4 comes before 8

Question 31

``` T Helper Cells Have MHC ____ and also CD __ MHC= Major Histocompatibility Complex CDX=Co-receptor What is the function of this type of cells? ```

Answer 31

``` T Helper Cells Have MHC II and also CD4 MHC= Major Histocompatibility Complex CDX=Co-receptor Function: Release Cytokines ``` Helper <=> CD4 Killer <=> CD8 H comes before K, 4 comes before 8

Question 32

Compare Primary Response and Secondary Response - speed - duration of impact - strength of impact - Organs - Antibody Affinity

Answer 32

Primary VS Secondary - Slower VS Faster - Short term VS Long lasting - Weaker VS Stronger - Organ: spleen VS bone marrow - Affinity lower VS Affinity higher

Question 33

Primary response utilize which type of antibodies? | How about secondary response?

Answer 33

Primary: IgM Secondary: IgG

Question 34

What are the difference between extra-cellular pathogens and intra-cellular pathogens in terms of killing method? Bacteria belongs to which type? Viruses belong to which type?

Answer 34

Extracellular: Can be killed by the complement or antibody Intracellular: Need to kill the cell with Cytotoxic T Cells Bacteria- Extracellular and Intracellular Viruses- Intracellular (Replicate in living cells)

Question 35

What 3 components does non-specific response include

Answer 35

Complements Interferons Acute Phase Proteins

Question 36

What 3 components does specific response (humoral) include | i.e. B cells

Answer 36

Neutralization: Virus and toxin Opsonization: phagocytes bind pathogens for recognition Complement-mediated lysis

Question 37

Match Primary Immunodeficiency Secondary Immunodeficiency Genetic linked Acquired

Answer 37

Primary Immunodeficiency- Genetic linked | Secondary Immunodeficiency- Acquired