G-protein couple receptor mechanism - G protein, in inactive state, has GDP binds to _____ - When G-protein activated by GPCR (with _____ binding to the GPCR), GDP becomes ______ - G-protein splits to ______ and ______ - ____ slowly becomes GDP from GTP

G-protein couple receptor mechanism - G protein, in inactive state, has GDP binds to G-alpha - When G-protein activated by GPCR (with NE/E binding to the GPCR), GDP becomes GTP - G-protein splits to G-alpha and G-BetaGamma - G-alpha slowly becomes GDP from GTP

IASM 35 36 37 38 39: Neurones and Muscles and Cascades Flashcards by Karl Wong

Nuclei is a nerve cell body in _____

CNS

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Ganglia is a nerve cell body in ______

PNS

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Name the 5 components in the Autonomic Nervous System (Direction and components of travel)

Autonomic Neurone
Autonomic Nuclei (CNS)
Preganglionic Neurone 
Autonomic Ganglia (PNS)
Ganglionic Neurone

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Parasympathetic Nervous system has _______ preganglionic neurones and ________ ganglionic neurones

Parasympathetic Nervous system has longer preganglionic neurones and shorter ganglionic neurones

‘PLSS’

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Sympathetic Nervous system has ______ preganglionic neurones and ____ ganglionic neurones

Sympathetic Nervous system has shorter preganglionic neurones and longer ganglionic neurones

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Parasympathetic nervous system: What molecules are used for the transport of the following pathways?

Preganglionic neurones to Ganglionic neurones
Ganglionic neurones to target organs

Preganglionic neurones to Ganglionic neurones- Acetylcholine

Ganglionic neurones to target organs- Acetylcholine

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Sympathetic nervous system: What molecules are used for the transport of the following pathways?

Preganglionic neurones to Ganglionic neurones
Ganglionic neurones to target organs

Preganglionic neurones to Ganglionic neurones- Acetylcholine

Ganglionic neurones to target organs- NE/E (Major) Ach/NO (minor)

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G-protein couple receptor mechanism

G protein, in inactive state, has GDP binds to _____
When G-protein activated by GPCR (with _____ binding to the GPCR), GDP becomes ______
G-protein splits to ______ and ______
____ slowly becomes GDP from GTP

G-protein couple receptor mechanism

G protein, in inactive state, has GDP binds to G-alpha
When G-protein activated by GPCR (with NE/E binding to the GPCR), GDP becomes GTP
G-protein splits to G-alpha and G-BetaGamma
G-alpha slowly becomes GDP from GTP

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Alpha-1 Receptors will lead to _______

Increased release of intracellular Calcium ions

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Alpha-2 Receptors will…

Inhibit adenylyl cyclase

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Beta-1, Beta-2, Beta-3 Receptors will…

Activate adenylyl cyclase

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Adenylyl cyclase will convert ATP to _____

This causes activation of _________

Adenylyl cyclase will convert ATP to cAMP

This causes activation of protein kinase A

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NE/E are synthesized from which amino acid?

Tyrosine

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Does sympathetic or parasympathetic has a more widespread effect?

Sympathetic

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Among skeletal, cardiac, smooth
Which muscles are striated
Which muscles are non-striated

Striated: Skeletal Cardiac

Non-striated: Smooth

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Among skeletal, cardiac, smooth
Which muscles are multi-nucleated
Which muscles have single central nucleus

Multi-nucleated: Skeletal

Single Central Nucleus: Cardiac Smooth

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Describe the shape of
Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth

Skeletal- long cylindrical
Cardiac- small branched
Smooth- spindle-shaped

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Describe the T-Tubules of
Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth

Skeletal- Long t-tubules
Cardiac- short t-tubules
Smooth- no t-tubules

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Skeletal muscle fiber are formed by the fusion of ________ cells

Mesodermal

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The dark band is called __ band containing ______

The light band is called __ band containing _____ and ______

The dark band is called A band containing myosin

The light band is called I band containing actin and titin

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During muscle contraction, which band stays the same width? Which band becomes shorter in width?

A band stays the same

I band becomes shorter in width

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__ actin polymerizes to become __ actin strand

G actin polymerizes to become F actin strand

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What molecule is responsible to hold the 2 F-actin strands together (located between the two F-actin strands)

Study These Flashcards

Nebulin

The active site of G-actin, at resting state, is covered by _____________________

Study These Flashcards

Troponin-tropomyosin complex

T-tubules are invagination of _______

cell membrane

For release of calcium ions, depolarization triggers _____ to pull out _______ receptors to release calcium ions

For release of calcium ions, depolarization triggers DHP to pull out Ryanodine receptors to release calcium ions

In an acetylcholine molecule, there's acetate and also choline. Where does the acetate molecule come from?

From acetyl-CoA in mitochondria

During the muscle contraction process 1. ______ ions binds to _______ 2. _________ rolls away from active sites of ______ 3. Energized ______ heads bind to the active site of G-actin to form _________ 4. Myosin head cocks towards the _______ (contraction) 5. ____ binds to myosin head to break the cross-bridge 6. Myosin reactivates when ATP breaks down to ADP, energy used to ______ the myosin head

During the muscle contraction process 1. Calcium ions binds to troponin 2. Tropomyosin rolls away from active sites of G-actin 3. Energized myosin heads bind to the active site of G-actin to form cross bridges 4. Myosin head cocks towards the M-line (contraction) 5. ATP binds to myosin head to break the cross-bridge 6. Myosin reactivates when ATP breaks down to ADP, energy used to recock the myosin head

What are the following types of muscles called? Type I: Type IIa: Type IIb:

Type I: Slow Oxidative Type IIa: Fast Oxidative Glycolytic Type IIb: Fast Glycolytic

What are the features of Slow Oxidative Muscles (Type______) - Colour - Dark or Light - Amount of myoglobin - Which type of respiration - For which type of athletes

- Colour: Red - Dark or Light: Dark - Amount of myoglobin: A lot - Which type of respiration: Aerobic - For which type of athletes: Marathon runners

What are the features of Fast Glycolytic Muscles (Type _______) - Colour - Dark or Light - Amount of myoglobin - Which type of respiration - For which type of athletes

What are the features of Fast Glycolytic Muscles (Type IIb) - Colour: White - Dark or Light: Light - Amount of myoglobin: Little - Which type of respiration: Anaerobic - For which type of athletes: Sprinters

Muscles increase in _____ but not in _____

Increase in size | Not in number

Consider motor unit For muscles requiring more precise movement, each motor neurone will control (More/less) muscle fibres, this increases the _____ of the control

For muscles requiring more precise movement, each motor neurone will control less muscle fibres, this increases the precision of the control

Diad- Which type of muscle | Triad- Which type of muscle

Diad- Cardiac | Triad- Skeletal

Name 2 types of intercalated discs in Cardiac Muscles

Zonula Adherens | Macula adherens

What is the function of T tubules

Helps in the transmission of action potentials

Describe the shape of cells in smooth muscles

Elongated fusiform cells

Are there cell to cell junctions in smooth muscle

Are smooth muscle cells able to undergo mitosis to divide and increase in number

Yes

What is the cell body of neurone called

Soma

What are the 2 functions of Smooth ER in neurone cell body

- Hormones and lipids production | - Regulation in Calcium ion release

Name the 3 properties of Neurones

Excitability Conductivity Secretion

Name the 2 major types of Neurone

Pseudounipolar Bipolar please refer to diagrams on IASM 38

For neurones, dendrons are usually (unmyelinated/myelinated), while axons can be unmyelinated or myelinated. Dendrons are usually (branched/ single), axons are usually (branched/ single).

For neurones, dendrons are usually unmyelinated, while axons can be unmyelinated or myelinated. Dendrons are usually branched, axons are usually single.

What is the plasma membrane of axon called

Axonlemma

Antrograde transport refers to substance transported (from axon terminal to cell body/ cell body to axon terminal) Retrograde transport refers to substance transported (from axon terminal to cell body/ cell body to axon terminal)

Antrograde transport refers to substance transported from cell body to axon terminal Retrograde transport refers to substance transported from axon terminal to cell body

What is the most common type of synpase

Axodendritic | 80% of excitatory synpases

What is an electrical synpase? | Which type of cell is in mainly present in?

Electrical signals/ ions are directly moved from one synapse to another synapse Smooth muscle cells

Are there more glial cells or more neurones

Glial cells

Neurones cannot divide | Can glial cells divide

Yes

1 Schwann Cell can wrap __ axon | 1 Oligodendrocyte can wrap ___ axons

1 Schwann Cell can wrap 1 axon | 1 Oligodendrocyte can wrap several axons

In PNS, name the type of cell that surrounds the nerve cell body in the ganglia

Satellite cells

What happens when there is kinase from low activity transferring to kinase with increased activity

Occupation of receptors by signals Dimerization of the two receptors Cross-phosphorylation

ATP => ADP+P Molecules to become phosphorylated molecules Which one is energetically favourable, which one is not?

ATP => ADP+P (Energetically favourable) | Molecules to become phosphorylated molecules (energetically unfavourable)

What is the Tyrosine Kinase Receptor Activation Cascade Free receptor Formation of Receptor ___________ Self phosphorylation Recruit ______ from membrane to cytoplasm ________ => ________ and _______ under ________ Release of _______ and activate downstream switches

What is the Tyrosine Kinase Receptor Activation Cascade ``` Free receptor Receptor dimer Self phosphorylation Recruit PLC from membrane to cytoplasm PIP2 => INS145P3 and DAG under PLC Release of Ca2+ and activate downstream switches ```

IASM 35 36 37 38 39: Neurones and Muscles and Cascades Flashcards

(55 cards)