ICD explanations Flashcards
biological explanations
dopamine
psychological explanations
behavioural: pos reinforcement
cognitive: miller’s feeling state theory
dopamine explanation
rewarding stimuli stimulates reward centres > releases dopamine
behaviour = compulsuve, develop tolerance
dopamine levels in striatum reduce
striatum = reward and behavioural control
dopamine deficiency there = more comoulsions and addictions
reward deficiency symdrome (comings and blum 2000)
klepto can be a side effect of synthetic dopamine to treat parkinsons
symptoms come alongside use of dopamine drugs so shows relationship
ICD more likely to be carriers of A1 allele of gene coding for D2 receptors blum et al 1996
carried by 25% of population, so 30% fewer D2 receptors noble et al 1991
fewer receptors for dopamine to bind w so seek dopamine in other ways through the compulsiveness
behavioural - positive reinforcement
reward for doing smth so you repeat it to get more rewards
learned behaviours from prev trials
gamblers dont stop when losing bc schedules of reinforcement
dont win everytime so not 100% satisfied so continue to make up for the loss > partial reinforcement
cognitive - miller’s feeling state theory
positive feelings linked to behaviours like gambling
thoughts of such behaviour lead to obse4ssion
ICD created bc links form a state dependent memory called feeling state
> created by intense desire to do activity, positive experience (psycho physiological arousal), and memory of behaviour
neg thoughts can cause feeling states leading to ICD
neg beliefs when behaviour out of control and neg consequences so VICIOUS CYCLE
biochemical STRENGTH
supported by research evidence
comings et al 1996
A1 Allele carried by 51% w gambling disorder
but blum et al says its only in 25% of population
so probability of carrying allele higher in those w severe symptoms
biochemical application to everyday life
explain why parkinsons disease develop ICD after treatement
bc parkinsons is low dopamine and yreated w dopamine agonists to increase (weintraub et al 2006)
can help people make decisions about meds and monitor them to avoid developing ICD
biochemical nature vs nurture
focus on A1 allele = undermine nurture
situation like inequality can elicit such behaviours like alexander et al 1981 rat park morphine addiction study
nature and nurture together!!!!!!!
biochemical determinism vs free will
bio overlooks free will
can and do take control of own lives to support recovery
too much focus on genes and neural pathways minimise role of personal agency presenting pessimistic viewpoint > damaging to sufferers and families
biochemical reductionism vs holism
WEAKNESS
overly reductionist
underestimate cognitive and social factors
genes can predispose but expression is dictated by environemntal exepriences
archer et al 2012 numerous environemntal factors like prenatal tobacco exposure, maternal depression, bullying etc
affect brain development and how respond to stress
increase chance of ICD later in life
behavioural STRENGTH
focus on nurture explains what bio cannot alone
allele one code for d2 recetptor associated w ICD but not everyone who has it has an ICD so only minimally increases risk
so environmental also needed to actually develop what ur genetically vulnerable to
behavioural WEAKNESS
doesnt acknowledge neg reinforcement
ICD has tension and anxiety b4 which relieved when compulsion enacted
takes away and alleviates neg feeling so neg reinforcement
blaszczynski et al 1986 gambling driven by desire to avoid noxious psysiological states or dysphoria mood
cognitive WEAKNESS
case studies gives most evidence to millers feeling state theory
case study evidence can be unrelaible bc based on unstructured interviews
cant be generalised bc his experiences are unique to personal circumstances of john and only relate to gambling disorder not other ICDs
cognitive STRENGTH
o’guinn and faber 1989 detailed qualitative data from compulsive shoppers
supports feeling states role positive
ps refer to physiological arousal and sensations
social elements like control and belonging can make people w low self esteem vulnerable to compulsive shopping
self esteem lower in compulsive shoppers than in matched control group
cognitive individual vs situational
STRENGTH
both individual and situational
john case study show events in life and situational factors at the time like the compulsive shoppers bs
emphasise interactions w multuple factors so more holsitic perspective
can identify treatment better
variety of possibilities
