MOOD AFFECTIVE diagnostic Flashcards
(14 cards)
diagnostic criteria
Mood vs. Emotion:
- Emotions are temporary and change quickly.
- Moods are stable and last longer.
Mood Disorders:
- Lasting dominant emotions causing dysfunction, distress, and danger.
Mood Episodes:
- Depressive: Low mood.
- Manic: Elevated mood.
- Hypomanic: Mild mania.
Polar Concept:
- Moods are on a scale, ranging from high (mania) to low (depression).
mood disorders
depressive (unipolar)
bipolar type 1 and 2
dysthymia
cyclothymia
depression/unipolar
Depressive Episode (Low End of Mood Scale):
ICD-11 criteria: Depressed mood or lack of interest for at least two weeks, with symptoms like:
Difficulty concentrating, guilt, suicidal thoughts, hopelessness
Changes in appetite, psychomotor agitation, fatigue
Recurrent Depressive Disorder:
Two or more depressive episodes.
Severity Specifiers:
Mild, moderate, or severe based on intensity and impact on daily life.
Can include psychotic symptoms, as they are related to mood disorders.
BPD type 1
Manic Episodes (ICD-11):
Extreme mood lasting at least one week (unless shortened by treatment).
Symptoms:
Euphoria, irritability, expansiveness.
Inflated self-esteem, excessive enthusiasm, flamboyance.
Increased energy, rapid speech, decreased sleep, impulsivity, and recklessness.
Mixed Episodes: Both depressive and manic symptoms occurring together.
Bipolar: Characterized by the lability (variability) and intensity of mood changes
BPD type 2
Hypomanic Episodes:
Less intense than manic episodes seen in Type 1.
Symptoms: Similar to manic, but less extreme (e.g., elevated mood, increased energy, impulsivity).
Hypo- meaning “under” or “below,” indicating a milder version of mania.
Functioning: Daily life is less impaired, with individuals often still able to cope with different life areas.
dysthymia
depressive symptoms much of the time but not enough for depressive episode diagnosis
cyclothymia
numerous hypomanic episodes and depressive symptoms in a two year period
little respite between episodes and experiences symptoms more than not even though less intense (SAME W DYSTHYMIA)
BECK DEPRESSION INVENTORY (BDI)
The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is a quantitative tool used to measure the range, intensity, and duration of depressive symptoms, following a nomothetic approach (focused on generalizable data).
Criteria:
For individuals aged 13 and above.
Reflects on the past two weeks (including the day of the test).
Contains 21 items (e.g., self-dislike, pessimism, indecisiveness).
Completion time: 5-10 minutes.
Used by qualified health professionals to assess the severity of depression.
Scores and Severity Levels:
14-19: Mild Depression
20-28: Moderate Depression
29-63: Severe Depression
(Gebrie, 2018)
BDI STRENGTHS
Reliability
Test-Retest Reliability: Consistent results when tested a week apart.
Correlations: Positive correlation with Hamilton Depression Scale (Arbisi, 2001; Farmer, 2001).
Quick & Precise
Provides meaningful, accurate info.
Widely used to test treatment efficacy (Piotrowski & Keller, 1989).
Helps improve standards of living.
BDI weakness
Self-Report: Relies on patient’s answers, prone to social desirability bias.
Social Desirability Bias: Patients may exaggerate or withhold info to receive better treatment or support.
Impact: Reduces the validity and usefulness of the BDI as a measure.
Semi-Structured Interviews: Doctor may complete BDI based on patient’s self-reported answers.
BDI individual situational
Purely Quantitative: Focuses on numerical data, neglecting the context of experiencing symptoms.
Individual Focus: Assumes depression is solely within the person, overlooking situational factors.
Modern Approaches
Trauma-Informed: Lucy Johnstone’s approach emphasizes psychological formulation.
Comprehensive Understanding: Involves gathering detailed information about both the person and their situation.
Personalized Treatment: Treatment plans are tailored to the individual’s personal, social, and cultural needs.
Patient-Centered: Listening to patients and allowing them to share their story in their own words reduces bias and distortion.
nomothetic vs idiographic
getting quantitative data rather than just interview and qualitative
diagnostic STRENGTHS
reliable diagnosis using ICD-11
study w nearly 2000 ps and more than 300 clinicians from 13 countries found high levels of agreement between independent raters for:
BPD TYPE 1: 84%
recurrent depressive disorder: 74%
reliable diagnosis necessary for treatment accessibility
ICD-11 MORE GOATED THAN ICD-10 (reed et al. 2018)
diagnostic strength 2 cultural diff
ACKNOWLEDGES CULTURAL DIFFERENCES
focus on cognitive and affective symptoms
BUT clinicians know LMICs people more likely to report somatic.bodily symptoms such as aches and pains (sharan and hans, 2021)
inclusion = more informed = diagnose more rapidly w greater sensitivity
