SCHIZOPHRENIA diagnostic Flashcards
(25 cards)
positive symptoms
presence of psychological abnormality
negative symptoms
absence of thoughts, feelings, behaviours that are normal psychologically
prodromal symptoms
weaker versions of core symptoms, shown before diagnosis, not as strong
types of pos symptoms
hallucinations
experiences of influence, passivity, control
delusions
disorganised thinking
neologisms
disorganised behaviours
types of neg symptoms
flat affect
avolition
alogia
asociality
anhedonia
hallucinations
involuntary perceptual experiences
in absence of external stimuli
no control over it
eg…
hearing voices
visual, seeing things/people
olfactory/smell
somatosensory/touch
experiences of influence, passivity, control
subjective experience
that our thoughts, feelings, and actions are being controlled by external forces
ICD-11 calls these experiences
eg…
aliens are implanting thoughts into our brains because we think they don’t belong to us
examples:
thought withdrawal: removing thoughts
thought insertion: implanting thoughts
thought broadcasting: thoughts being transmitted to others
delusions
fixed beliefs that conflict with reality
can relate to everyday situations
eg…
police is monitoring you
or unusual type of thinking
eg…
believing aliens are recruiting people
types of delusion
grandeur: being better or exceptional than the rest
persecution: the danger of being spied on, harmed, tricked
reference: situations and events have personal significance, you’re being given a sign about how to behave in the future
disorganised thinking
derailment: losing train of thought
incoherent/muddled speech
word salads
neologisms
making new words by mixing words together
disorganised behaviours
postures, actions, gestures
are unexpected, purposeless, inappropriate
flat affect
no typical emotional highs or lows
avolition
can’t carry out goal directed behaviours
alogia
lack of spoken language
asociality
social withdrawal
anhedonia
inability to experience pleasure
age of onset
MALE: early to mid 20s
FEMALE: late 20s even 40s
CHILDREN: under 13 less likely
because symptoms can overlap w OCD and autism etc
unreliable diagnosis
prevalence
0.3-0.7% in males and females
ISSUES AND DEBATES
use of children
applications to everyday life
cultural differences
use of children STRENGTH
ANEJA ET AL. (2018)
must have given consent somehow
because they need his cooperation because case study
adapted info so he understands
right to withdraw and data storage and use explained
children with mental health difficulties are vulnerable and their rights and welfare and their rights and welfare are of the utmost importance
use of children WEAKNESS
lack of informed consent because he is 14
no self informed consent
mother gave proxy consent
applications to everyday life ICD-11 strength
people need to display symptoms for only a month
DSM-5 needs 6 months before diagnosis
people can access treatment faster
early treatment = better outcomes (patel et al. 2014)
removal of characterising subtypes
catatonic, paranoid, hebephrenic
based on primary symptoms but unreliable because symptoms develop and change
ICD-11 replaced it with dimensional descriptors
doctors rate in the categories depending on severity
RELIABLE DIAGNOSIS
access treatment they require
ICD-11 weakness
difficult to diagnose because symptoms overlap with other conditions
catatonia and hallucinations may be experienced by people with depression
but can be caused by drug withdrawal, stress, sleep deprivation
diff clinicians may give diff diagnosis depending on whether they successfully eliminated other disorders or physical causes for the person’s symptoms
RELIABILITY OF DIAGNOSIS DECREASES
