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Identity Flashcards

1
Q

Personality

A

Collection of lasting characteristics that makes a person unique

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2
Q

Trait theory of personality

A

Personality consists of a set of traits (characteristics that vary b/w people and are stable over a lifetime regardless of environment)

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3
Q

Biological theory of personality

A

Biological contributions to certain traits (genome)

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4
Q

Heredity

A

Genetic inheritance

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5
Q

Temperament

A

Innate, genetically influenced baseline of personality (modified by environment throughout life)

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6
Q

Twin studies

A

Help separate effects of genetics and environment

Monozygotic twins have identical genomes
Dizygotic twins are like regular siblings

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7
Q

Psychoanalytic theory (Freud)

A

Universal personality structure that contributes both to behavior and to differences b/w people

Internal processes that shape personality

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8
Q

Id

A

Primitive, seeks instant gratification and to avoid pain

Doesn’t care about morality or social norms

Present from birth

(Devil)

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9
Q

Superego

A

Develops later in life through internalization of society’s rules for moral behavior, interactions w/ caregivers

(Angel)

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10
Q

Ego

A

Directs behavior/balances demands of id and superego

Forces delay of gratification of id’s desire until socially acceptable method is found

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11
Q

Behaviorist theory

A

Personality = due to series of learning experiences that occur through interactions b/w individual and environment

Environment shapes personality more than biology/psychology

External factors > internal factors

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12
Q

Social cognitive theory

A

Learning experiences and observable behaviors

  • Change behavior as a result of environmental factors
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13
Q

Observational learning

A

Learn from experiences of others and apply lessons of previous experiences to new situations

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14
Q

Reciprocal causation

A

Behavior, personal factors, and environment interact/influence each other

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15
Q

Humanistic theory

A

People seek experiences that make them better, more fulfilled individuals

Individual shapes own personality

Conscious decisions (vs. impulses) make people who they are

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16
Q

Situational approach to explaining behavior

A

Challenge to trait-based personality theories

Variation in behavior across different situations => concept of enduring personality traits is flawed

People behave according to interpretations of situations

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17
Q

Mead’s Components of Self - ME

A

Socialized aspect of person

Learned in interactions w/ others

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18
Q

Mead’s Components of Self - I

A

Active aspect of person

Acts creatively

Held in check by Me

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19
Q

Identity

A

Person’s view of who they are (perception of self)

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20
Q

Self-concept

A

Knowledge of oneself as a person both separate from others and constant throughout changing situations

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21
Q

Different types of identities

A

Race/ethnicity, gender, age, sexual orientation, class

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22
Q

Imitation

A

Allows kids to view selves as similar to imitated person

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23
Q

Role-taking

A

Adopting role of another person

Symbolic interaction

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24
Q

Looking-glass self

A

Taking role of others lets you view yourself

Influenced by how we perceive that others are viewing us (if stigmatized => internalize stigmatization)

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25
Social comparison
Evaluating oneself by contrast with others
26
Reference group
Model for appropriate actions, values, and worldviews
27
Self-esteem
Overall judgement of self (levels out as you age) High self-esteem = positive self-concept
28
Self-efficacy
Feeling of being able to carry out an action successfully
29
Locus of control
Belief about extent to which internal/external factors play role in shaping life
30
Internal locus of control
I have complete control over behavior/events
31
External locus of control
External factors decide behavior/events
32
Freud's theory of developmental stages
Sequential series of psychosexual stages in early childhood | In terms of impulses of id
33
Fixation
Permanent aspect of personality related to urge Due to child getting too much/little satisfaction of urge at particular stage => fail to move on to next stage
34
Oral stage (Freud)
Infancy Oral processes (sucking/biting) Successful weaning => trust and capacity for delayed gratification
35
Anal stage (Freud)
Conflict b/w child and parents Child wants to control bowel movements while parents impose toilet-training Successful => self-control
36
Phallic stage (Freud)
Sexual impulses on opposite sex parent Identify w/ same sex parent Internalize society's rules and develop superego
37
Latent period (Freud)
Suppressed sexual impulses Focus on other developmental tasks
38
Genital stage (Freud)
Adolescence Return of sexual urges => adult sexuality
39
Erikson theory of development (identity)
Interaction b/w self and society experienced across lifespan Each stage = crisis that must be resolved
40
Erikson Stage 1
Trust vs. mistrust First year of life
41
Erikson Stage 2
Autonomy vs. shame and doubt Child's growing sense of whether he/she is competent to carry out self-care
42
Erikson Stage 3
Initiative vs. guilt Attempt to develop ability to execute plan
43
Erikson Stage 4
Industry vs. inferiority Complex social environment of school Views self as capable of mastering societally valued skills or not
44
Erikson Stage 5
Identity vs. role confusion Explore different possibilities for role in society Personal beliefs and goals
45
Erikson Stage 6
Intimacy vs. isolation Young adulthood Ability to form emotionally significant relationships with others
46
Erikson Stage 7
Generativity vs. stagnation Middle adulthood Determine extent to which they want to "put back" energy into work/family or just care for selves
47
Erikson Stage 8
Integrity vs despair Old age => evaluate lifetime
48
Identity achievement
Strong sense of identity
49
Identity foreclosure
Failed to have identity crisis, but adopted identity of others
50
Identity moratorium
Midst of identity crisis, active
51
Identity diffusion
No sense of identity or motivation to engage in identity exploration
52
Vygotsky theory of development
Sociocultural - learning through interactions w/ others => promotes acquisition of culturally valued behaviors/beliefs
53
Zone of proximal development
Range of activities b/w current and potential developmental levels (Vygotsky)
54
Kohlberg's theory of moral development
Developing kids have predictable sequence of stages of moral reasoning
55
Preconventional level
Moral judgements based only on consequences
56
Conventional level
Moral judgements based on opinions of others
57
Postconventional level
Own belief of right and wrong beyond consequences/disapproval of others
58
Sensitive period
Point in early development that can have significant influence on physiological/behavioral functioning later on
59
Insecure attachment
Individuals have negative/unpredictable experiences w/ caregiver
60
Attribution theory
Conclusions drawn about causes that explain observed behavior of others
61
Dispositional attribution
Attributing cause of behavior to inherent quality/desire Assign internal locus of control to other person
62
Situational attribution
Attributing cause of behavior to environmental forces Assign external locus of control
63
Fundamental attribution error
Inherent constraints on our ability to accurately judge causes of behaviors Automatically favor dispositional attributions over situational ones
64
Self-serving bias
Tendency to attribute one's success to internal factors Attribute failures to external factors
65
How culture affects attributions
Western viewpoint sees individual as central to events Eastern viewpoint pays more attention to situational factors
66
Psychological disorders
Sets of psychological abnormalities that are maladaptive to the individual
67
Somatic symptom and related disorders
Characterized by bodily symptoms along with associated psychological symptoms Pain, fatigue, motor impairment
68
Anxiety disorders
Unwarranted fear and anxiety, physiological tension Response to stress
69
Stress
Excessive SNS activation in absence of threat Body prepares for fight/flight situation
70
Mood disorders
Disruptions in emotions that influence personal functioning
71
Depression
Extreme depressive mood disorder Pervasive feelings of sadness/hopelessness, loss of interest in activities Elevated hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis hormones, deficient monoamine neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine)
72
Schizophrenia
Impaired connection with reality Symptoms = hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech Elevated dopamine, brain structural abnormalities
73
Dissociative disorders
Split b/w different aspects of cognitive functioning Disruption in identity, memory, or consciousness
74
Dissociative amnesia
Forget about past events
75
Negative symptom
Loss of something (psychological function, memory)
76
Positive symptom
Abnormal disruptive experience (hallucinations)
77
Personality disorders
Some aspect of personality = psychologically unhealthy for individual Endure across different situations and over a lifetime

Psych/Soc (10 decks)

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