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Psych/Soc > Relationships and Behavior > Flashcards

Relationships and Behavior Flashcards

1
Q

Cross-sectional data

A

Received from observing many subjects at same point in time

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2
Q

Longitudinal data

A

Track same sample at different time points

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3
Q

Unidirectional relationship

A

One thing leads to another and not vice versa

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4
Q

Reciprocal relationship

A

Both things can influence each other

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5
Q

Behavioral learning

A

Individual determines what behaviors are culturally appropriate and consequences of behaviors

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6
Q

Associative learning (conditioning)

A

Learning involving associations b/w stimuli and specific responses

Classical vs. operant

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7
Q

Classical conditioning

A

Subject develops response to previously neutral stimulus by associating it with another stimulus that already elicited that response

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8
Q

Unconditioned stimulus

A

Stimuli that initially elicits desired response w/o need for conditioning

Ex. food => saliva

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9
Q

Unconditioned response

A

Desired response that is initially elicited due to unconditioned stimulus w/ no need for conditioning

Ex. Saliva as a result of food

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10
Q

Neutral stimulus

A

Stimulus that initially elicits no response

Ex. Food bowl

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11
Q

Conditioned stimulus

A

A neutral stimulus that is conditioned to eventually elicit a (conditioned) response

Ex. Food bowl => saliva

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12
Q

Conditioned response

A

Response that has been conditioned to be a result of the conditioned stimulus

Ex. Saliva due to food bowl

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13
Q

Acquisition

A

Stage of learning over which a conditioned response to a new stimulus is established

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14
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

Reappearance of conditioned response after period of lessened response

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15
Q

Stimulus discrimination

A

Learned lack of response to a similar stimuls

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16
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Type of associative learning where individual becomes more or less likely to carry out certain behavior based on its consequences

Deprives subject of some desirable stimulus for a period of time

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17
Q

Reinfocement

A

Increases behavior

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18
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

Add pleasant stimulus

Ex. gift

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19
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

Removal of unpleasant stimulus

Ex. stop nagging

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20
Q

Punishment

A

Decreases behavior

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21
Q

Positive punishment

A

Add unpleasant stimulus

Ex. spank

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22
Q

Negative punishment

A

Removal of pleasant stimulus

Ex. confiscate phone

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23
Q

Types of consequences are ____ or ____

A

Primary or secondary

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24
Q

Primary punishment/reinforcement

A

Relates to physiological need (does not require learning)

Increases likelihood of response

Ex. food, pain

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25
Secondary punishment/reinforcement
Require learning and social context to affect behavioral decisions AKA conditioned reinforcers/punishers Ex. money, praise, scolding
26
Escape conditioning
Learned behavior that allows subject to escape unpleasant stimulus
27
Avoidance conditioning
Learned behavior that allows subject to avoid unpleasant stimulus by employing specific response
28
Reinforcement schedule
How often and under what conditions a behavior is reinforced
29
Partial (intermittent) reinforcement
Rewarded only sometimes After behavior is learned, this makes it more resistant to extinction
30
Continuous reinforcement
Most rapid way to first establish response
31
Instinctual drift
Established habits are eventually replaced by innate/instinctual behaviors
32
Shaping
Shapes behavior toward a certain response by reinforcing successive approximations toward desired behavior
33
Innate behaviors
Developmentally fixed and influenced by physiology/genetic inheritance Difficult to change
34
Cognitive processes
Necessary for associative learning of non-instinctual behaviors
35
Observational learning
Based on modeling (witnessing another's actions and retaining info on that behavior to later re-enact it)
36
Mirror neurons
Fire both when completing an action and when person observes someone completing same action => help learning by imitation
37
Vicarious emotions
Feeling emotions of others as though they are one's own Necessary component of modeling/observational learning
38
Modeling
Witnessing another's actions and retaining info on that behavior to later re-enact it
39
Spacing effect
Learning is greater when spaced out
40
Behavior
Sum of coordinated responses to internal/external stimuli Partially influenced by biology (genes, neural connections, hormones)
41
Nonverbal communication
Body language, touch, appearance, facial expressions
42
Animal signals
Vocalizations, visual stimulus, touch, smell
43
Social behavior
Interaction w/ members of the same species
44
Foraging behavior
Set of behaviors through which animals get food Maximize energy from food and minimize expenditure
45
Mating behavior
Behavior surrounding reproductive propagation of species
46
Altruism
Behavior disadvantageous to individual, but benefit members of its social group
47
Inclusive fitness
Overall fitness considers offspring of close relatives => care for offspring of your friends w/ similar genetic makeup
48
Game theory
Complex decision making which must account for actions of other group members
49
Group
Set of individuals who interact with each other and share some elements of identity
50
Social networks
Webs of weaker social interactions
51
Organization
Group coordinating interactions toward a specific purpose
52
Impression management
Behavioral choices to create impression in minds of others
53
Dramaturgical approach
Behavior = ongoing performance that depends on situation
54
Front stage self
Behavior player performs in front of audience
55
Back stage self
No audience => let go of conventions from stage
56
Groupthink
Group's members think alike and agree for sake of group harmony (conformity) => censor ideas that go against group norms
57
Group polarization
Attitude of group as a whole becomes stronger than attitudes of individual members
58
Social facilitation
Tendency to perform better when a person knows he is being watched
59
Social loafing
Members of a group decrease pace/intensity of own work and let other members work harder
60
Deindividuation
People lose awareness of individuality and immerse themselves in mood/activities of a crowd
61
Hawthorne effect
Alteration of behavior by subjects due to awareness of being observed
62
Thomas theorem
Interpretation of a situation causes action
63
Socialization
Process by which people learn customs and values of their culture
64
Social norms
Rules community members are expected to follow
65
Conformity
Change attitudes, opinions, and behaviors to align with group norms
66
Obedience
Behavioral changes made in response to command by authority figure
67
Deviance
Unable to recognize social norms or chooses not to follow them
68
Stigma
Negative social label that changes a person's social identity by classifying them as abnormal/tainted
69
Assimilation
Process by which individual/group becomes part of new culture (language acquisition, knowledge)
70
Ethnocentrism
Belief that one's group is of central importance => judges practices of other groups by one's own cultural standards
71
Cultural relativism
Trying to understand a culture on its own terms and judge it by its own standards
72
In-group
Group with which an individual shares identity with and loyalty
73
Prejudices
Strict generalizations about other groups
74
Out-group
Group with which person does not identify with and may feel competition/hostility
75
Bias
Establishment of in-group/out-group
76
Schema
Organizing patterns of thought used to categorize/interpret info => shapes individual attitudes/perspectives
77
Stereotype
Concept about a group that includes belief that all members of that group share certain characteristics
78
Stereotype threat
Anxiety/impaired performance when confronted with a negative stereotype
79
Self-fulfilling prophecies
Stereotypical beliefs that become realities
80
Discrimination
Unfair treatment of other based on membership in specific group
81
Individual discrimination
One person behaves negatively toward another
82
Institutional discrimination
Social institutions employ policies that differentiate people based on social grouping

Psych/Soc (10 decks)

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