Immunology 1

Question 1

Which immune response is responsible for inflammation, complement activation, phagocytosis, and destruction of pathogen?

Answer 1

Innate immune response

Question 2

Compare the typical time after infection for the start of immune response in the innate vs adaptive

Answer 2

innate is minutes vs adaptive which could be hours to days

Question 3

How quickly does immunological memory take to begin?

Answer 3

days to weeks

Question 4

Which immune response is responsible for interaction between antigen-presenting dendritic cells and antigen specific T cells and T cell proliferation and differentiation?

Answer 4

Adaptive immune response

Question 5

What is considered to be the bridge between the innate and adaptive immune system?

Answer 5

Dendritic cells

Question 6

What are the two major functions of macrophages?

Answer 6

APC
Phagocytosis

Question 7

What cell is considered to be a “professional” APC? Explain their function.

Answer 7

Dendritic cells - uptake antigen in the periphery and present antigen to lymph nodes

Question 8

What is 3 ways in which neutrophils clear pathogens?

Answer 8

Phagocytosis
NETs
Respiratory burst

Question 9

Which cells are the 1st to respond in the innate immune system?

Answer 9

neutrophils

Question 10

Which cells release histamine containing granules?

Answer 10

Mast cells

Question 11

______ cells promote allergic response and augmentation of anti-parasitic immunity

Answer 11

Basophils

Question 12

Which cells kill antibody-coated parasites?

Answer 12

eosinophils

Question 13

What are Toll-like receptors responsible for on a macrophage?

Answer 13

sense pathogens and activate signaling pathways to induce immune and inflammatory genes

Question 14

What do Toll-like receptors recognize?

Answer 14

patterns

Question 15

What is the type 1 interferon response?

Answer 15

Anti-viral response - induce resistance to viral replication, increase MHC 1, activate dendritic cells, NK cells, and induce chemokines

Question 16

What do mature dendritic cells activate?

Answer 16

naive T cells in lymphoid organs

Question 17

Which cells present antigen to T cells?

Answer 17

B cells

Question 18

While B cells can be activated independently, in most cases what do B cells need to be activated?

Answer 18

T cells

Question 19

What occurs with antigen-receptor binding and costimulation of T cells by dendritic cells?

Answer 19

proliferation and differentiation of T cell to acquire effector function

Question 20

What occurs with antigen-receptor binding and activation of B cells by T cells?

Answer 20

Proliferation and differentiation of B cells to acquire effector function

Question 21

Being that the epitopes recognized by T cell receptors are often buried or embedded, what must happen?

Answer 21

Antigen first must be broken down into peptide fragments so that the epitope peptide can bind to a MHC molecule and both the MHC and epitope peptide complex can bind to TCR

Question 22

Unlike TCRs which are embedded, where do BCRs recognize antigen

Answer 22

on the surface of the protein

Question 23

Explain the function of ITAMs

Answer 23

highly conserved region in the cytoplasmic domain of signaling chains and receptors and is a critical mediator of intracellular signals.

Question 24

What molecule is an important marker for T cell recognition and signaling?

Answer 24

CD3

Question 25

Explain the structural difference between MHC class 1 and 2

Answer 25

The binding group on MHC 2 is bigger with an alpha and beta tail versus only the alpha tail in MHC 1

Question 26

What is T cell proliferation mediated by?

Answer 26

cytokines

Question 27

How is a naive T cell stimulated?

Answer 27

naive T cell must recognize a foreign peptide bound to a self MHC molecule. Simultaneously, a co-stimulatory signal by a specialized antigen-presenting cell must be delivered

Question 28

Explain the impact of IL-2 on proliferation and the consequence of there being too much or too little

Answer 28

IL-2 is a necessary for recognition by the receptor (IL-2 receptor) for T cell proliferation. If there is too little proliferation will not occur and if there is too much the T cell will die

Question 29

What are Th1 cells important for and what is an important molecule associated with them?

Answer 29

TH1 cells recognize complex of bacterial peptide with MHC II and activates macrophages - IFN-y is important

Question 30

In general what are T helper cells important for?

Answer 30

recognition of complex of antigenic peptide with MHC II to activate B cells

Question 31

What are the important molecules associated with TH2 cells?

Answer 31

IL-4,IL-5, IL-13

Question 32

Which T helper cell is proinflammatory?

Answer 32

TH-17

Question 33

What are TFH cells important for?

Answer 33

follicles mediate response that differentiates B cells

Question 34

What do Treg cells do?

Answer 34

Silence CD4 or CD8 - anti-inflammatory

Question 35

Which molecule is important for isotype switching and affinity maturation?

Answer 35

TFH cells

Question 36

Explain the BCR complex

Answer 36

BCR complex consists of an antigen-binding subunit known as the membrane immunoglobulin which is composed of two immunoglobulin light chains and two immunoglobulin heavy chains as well as two heterodimer subunits of Ig-α and Ig-β with an ITAM region for cell signaling

Question 37

In the BCR complex, why are the two heterodimer subunits Ig-a and Ig-b necessary?

Answer 37

There is a short cytoplasmic tail

Question 38

Within the variable region of the heavy and light chains of the BCR, what is there that recognizes antigen?

Answer 38

hypervariable region