Immunology Flashcards
(100 cards)
1
Q
What is the follicle of lymph nodes?
A
Site of B cell localization and proliferation
2
Q
What is in the outer cortex of lymph nodes?
A
primary follicles are dense and dormant
3
Q
What is in the medulla of the lymph nodes?
A
Medullary cords, consisting of closely packed lymphocytes and plasma cells
4
Q
What is in the paracortex of lymph nodes?
A
Houses T cells
5
Q
What is the site of T cells in a lymph node?
A
Paracortex
6
Q
What is the site of B cells in a lymph node?
A
follicle
7
Q
What is the difference between primary and secondary lymph nodes?
A
Primary = Follicles are dense and dorman Secondary = pale central germinal centers
8
Q
What lymph nodes drain the: head and neck?
A
cervical
9
Q
What lymph nodes drain the: lungs
A
Hilar
10
Q
What lymph nodes drain the: esophagus and trachea
A
mediastinal
11
Q
What lymph nodes drain the: upper limb, breast, skin above the umbilicus
A
Axillary
12
Q
What lymph nodes drain the: liver, stomach, spleen pancreas, upper duodenum
A
Celiac
13
Q
What lymph nodes drain the: lower rectum, bladder, vagina,
A
internal iliac
14
Q
What lymph nodes drain the: testes, ovaries, kidneys, ureters
A
Para-aortic
15
Q
What lymph nodes drain the: anal canal below the pectinate line
A
Superficial inguinal
16
Q
What lymph nodes drain the: Dorsolateral foot, posterior calf
A
Popliteal
17
Q
From what pharyngeal arch is the thymus derived?
A
3rd
18
Q
Where are T cells in the spleen?
A
In the periarterial lymphatic sheath within the white pulp of the spleen
19
Q
What are the WBCs that remove bacteria in the spleen?
A
Macrophages
20
Q
What is an epitope?
A
The minimum molecular structure on an antigen which binds to a specific ab molecule
21
Q
What happens to complement and antibody levels post splenectomy?
A
Decreased IgM
Decreased C3b
22
Q
Where are antigens loaded onto MHC class I and II respectively?
A
I = rER II = acidified lysosome
23
Q
What does it mean that all immunogens are antigens, but not all antigens are immunogens?
A
24
Q
What are the diseases associated with HLA-B27?
A
Psoriatic arthritis
Ankylosing spondylitis
IBDs
Reactive arthritis
25
What are the HLA haplotypes that are associated with Celiac disease?
HLA DQ2 and DQ8
26
What are the diseases associated with DR2? (4)
- MS
- Hay fever
- SLE
- Goodpasture
27
What are the diseases associated with DR3 (3)?
- DM I
- SLE
- Grave's disease
28
What are the diseases associated with DR4 (2)?
- RA
| - DM I
29
What are the diseases associated with DR5?
Pernicious anemia
| Hashimoto's thyroiditis
30
What is the mode of transport to the surface for MHC I?
Beta-2 microglobulin
31
What is the only lymphocyte member of the innate immune system?
Natural Killer cells
32
What is the cytokine that induce Th0 cells to: Th1 cells
IL-12
33
What is the cytokine that induce Th0 cells to: Th2 cells
IL-4
34
What is the cytokine that induce Th0 cells to: Th17 cells
TGF-Beta + IL-6
35
What is the cytokine that induce Th0 cells to: Tregs?
TGF-beta
36
What is done during *positive* selection of T cells in the thymus?
T cells expressing TCRs capable of binding surface MHC self molecules
37
What is done during *negative* selection of T cells in the thymus?
T cells expressing TCRs with high affinity for self antigens undergo apoptosis
38
Where in the thymus do positive and negative selection occur, respectively?
```
+ = Thymic cortex
- = Medulla
```
39
What are the three major APCs?
B cells
Macrophages
Dendritic cells
40
How are naive T cells activated?
- Fb phagocytosed and presented by APC via MHC
- Costimulatory signal via B7/Cd28
- Th cells activated and produces cytokines
41
How are B cells activated?
- Helper T cells
- MHC II presentation with CD40l
- Th cells secrete cytokine for class switching
42
What are the costimulatory receptors on Naive T cells?
CB 28 / B7
43
What are the costimulatory receptors on B cells?
CD40 and MHC II
44
What is the role of Th1 cells? What do they secrete, and what does it do?
Activates macrophages and CTLs via secretion of IFN-gamma
45
What are the ILs that inhibit Th1 cells? Where do these come from?
IL-4
IL-10
Th2 cells produce these
46
What is the role of Th2 cells? What do they secrete (4), and what does it do?
Recruits eosinophils and promote IgE production
| -IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-13
47
What is the cytokine that inhibits Th2 cells? Where do these come from?
IFN-gamma
48
Macrophages release what cytokine to stimulate T cells to differentiate into Th1 cells? What do Th1 cells release in return to stimulate macrophages?
IL-12
| IFN-gamma
49
What is the role of Tregs?
Help maintain specific immune tolerance by suppressing CD4 and CD8 T cell effector functions
50
What are the CD surface markers for Tregs? (4)
CD3
CD4
CD25
FOXP3
51
What are the anti-inflammatory cytokines released by Tregs?
IL-10
| TGF-beta
52
Where is the complement binding site on Antibodies?
on hinge region of Fc
53
Does the Fc bit of antibodies have the amino end or the carboxy end of the protein?
Carboxy
54
What are the 4 Cs of the Fc bit of antibodies?
Constant
Carboxy terminal
Complement binding
Carbohydrate side chains
55
What is the shape of the monocytes?
Kidney shaped
56
How is antibody diversity generated?
Random recombination of the VJ region (light chain) or VDJ heavy chain genes
57
Does IgA fix complement?
Nah dawg
58
What is the most produced Ig type?
IgA
59
Does IgM cross the placenta?
No
60
What are thymus independent antigens?
Antigens that lack a peptide component and thus cannot be presented by MHC T cells
61
What are thymus dependent antigens?
ANtigens containing a protein component that allows for activation of T cells, and class switching of Ig classes
62
What are the four major cytokines that induce acute phase reactant production?
IL-1
IL-6
TNF-alpha
IFN-gamma
63
What is the role of ferritin?
Binds and sequesters Fe
64
What is the role of fibrinogen?
Coagulation factor that promotes endothelial cell repair
65
What is the role of hepcidin?
Prevents the release of Fe bound by ferritin
66
What are the two proteins that are downregulated during inflammation?
```
Albumin
Transferrin (internalized by macrophages)
```
67
What is the classic pathway of complement activation?
IgM or IgG mediated---("GM makes CLASSIC cars")
68
What activates the alternative pathway of complement activation?
Microbe surface molecules
69
What activates the lectin pathway of complement activation?
Mannose or other sugars in the microbe surface
70
What is the main complement that binds to bacteria?
C3b
71
What are the complements that are utilized in anaphylactic reactions?
C3a
C4a
C5a
72
What is the complement that is a PMN chemotactic factor?
C5a
73
What is the role of CD55?
DAF--helps prevent complement activation on self cells
74
C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency leads to what? What meds are contraindicated in this condition?
Hereditary angioedema
| ACEIs
75
What is C3 deficiency?
Increases the risk of severe, recurrent pyogenic sinus and respiratory tract infx and increased susceptibility to type III hypersensitivity
76
What is the defect in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria?
Loss of DAF (GPI anchored enzyme)
77
What is the function of MYD88?
MYELOID DIFFERENTIATION PRIMARY RESPONSE GENE 88--Acts as a connecting protein that receives signals from outside the cell to the protein that relay signals inside the cell
78
What is the defect in Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia?
***
79
What are the components of Hot T-Bone stEAK?
```
IL-1 = pyrogen
IL-2 = T cell activation
IL-3 = bone marrow activation
IL-4 IgE production
IL-5 = IgA production
IL-6 = aKute phase reactants
```
80
What is the function of IL-8?
Major chemotactic factor for PMNs
81
What is the function of IL-12?
Induces differentiation of T cells into Th1 cells and NK cells
82
What is the function of TNF-alpha?
Mediates septic shock and activates the endothelium
83
What is the function of IFN-gamma?
- Has antiviral and antitumor properties
- Activates NK Cells
- Increases MHC expression and antigen production
84
What is the function of IL-10?
Modulates inflammatory response
| -Inhibits actions of activated T cells and Th1
85
What are the functions of IFN-alpha and beta?
Synthesized by virally infected cells and acts locally to prime other cells for defense
86
What happens when a cells receives a IFN-alpha / beta signal from a nearby virally infected cell?
- Increased RNAase
| - Increases protein kinase to inhibit viral /host protein synthesis
87
What is the role of CD3?
Associated with TCR for signal transduction
88
What are the CD proteins on B cells?
19
20
21
89
What is the CD protein that EBV utilizes?
CD21 ("you can drink BEER at the BAR when you're 21")
90
What are the CD proteins on NK cells? Functions?
CD16 = binds Fc IgG
| CD56 - unique marker
91
How do self reactive T cells become anergic?
No costimulatory molecules
92
What is the MOA of superantigens?
Cross link the Beta region ot T cells receptor to the MHC class II on APC
93
How do endotoxins activates macrophages?
Bind to CD14
94
What are the three diseases that require passive immunization via IVIG?
Tetanus
Botulinum
Rabies
95
Which polio vaccine is attenuated, and which is killed?
```
Sabin = atteNuated
SalK = Killed
```
96
What are the bugs that cause heart block? (6)
```
legionella
Lyme
Chagas
Diphtheria
Typhoid
Rheumatic fever
```
97
What is the treatment for heart block 2/2 infectious agents?
Atropine or beta 1 agonists
98
Is rabies a live attenuated or killed vaccine?
Killed
99
Is the Hep A vaccine a live attenuated or killed vaccine?
Killed
100
What are the CD molecules on macrophages? (2) What about other receptors (3)
CD14
CD40
B7
Fc and C3b receptors
