Micro Flashcards by tcarlso 3

What is the function of the peptidoglycan layer?

Gives cells rigid support.

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What is the major surface antigen on bacteria?

Cell wall (if gram positive)

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What is the antigenic part of the outer membrane of gram negative bacteria?

Lipid A

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What is the function of the capsule of bacteria?

Protects against phagocytosis

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What is the function of pilli?

Cell attachment

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What is the function of the glycocalyx?

Mediates cell adherence to surfaces

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What is the gram stain and morphology of staph and strep?

Gram positive cocci

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What is the gram stain and morphology of Neisseria?

Gram negative cocci

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What is the gram stain and morphology of Clostridium?

Gram positive rod

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What is the gram stain and morphology of Corynybacterium?

Gram positive rod

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What is the gram stain and morphology of Bacillus?

Gram positive rod

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What is the gram stain and morphology of Listeria?

Gram positive rod

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What is the gram stain and morphology of mycobacterium?

Weak Gram positive (acid fast) rod

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What is the gram stain and morphology of gardnerella?

Gram variable rod

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What are the two gram positive, branching filamentous rods?

Actinomyces

Nocardia

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What are the two pleomorphic, gram negative rods?

Rickettsiae

Chlamydiae

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What are the three gram negative spirochetes?

Borrelia
Leptospira
Treponema

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What are the three major gram negative respiratory bacteria?

Haemophilus
Legionella
Bordetella

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What are the 6 bacteria that do not gram stain well? (hint: These Microbes May Lack Real Color)

Treponema
Mycobacteria
Mycoplasma
Legionella
Rickettsia
chlamydia

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What are the bacteria that stain with a Giemsa stain? (hint: Certain Bugs Really Try My Patience)

Chlamydia
Borrelia
Rickettsia
Trypanosomes
Plasmodium

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What is the PAS reaction used for?

Polysaccharides

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India ink stain = ?

Cryptococcus neoformans

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Ziehl-Neelsen (carbol fuchsin rxn) is used to identify which bacteria?

Nocardia and Mycobacterium

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Silver stain is used to identify what type of organisms?

Fungi

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Which bacteria needs chocolate agar with factors V (NAD) and X (hematin)?

H. influenzae

Which bacteria needs Thayer-Martin media (VPM)?

Neisseria gonorrhoeae | Neisseria Meningitidis

What is contained within the VPM media that N. gonorrhoeae and N. Meningitidis need?

Vancomycin Polymyxin Nystatin

Which bacteria needs Bordet-Gengou (potato) agar?

Bordetella pertussis (bordet for bordetella)

Which bacteria needs Lowenstein-Jensen agar?

What is the agar that fungi need to grow?

Sabourand (Sab's a fun gi)

Aerobic or anaerobic: Nocardia

aerobic

Aerobic or anaerobic: Pseudomonas

aerobic

Aerobic or anaerobic: mycobacterium

aerobic

Aerobic or anaerobic: clostridium

Anaerobic

Aerobic or anaerobic: Bacteroides

Anaerobic

Aerobic or anaerobic: actinomyces

Anaerobic

What are the enzymes needed for a bacteria to be able to survive oxygen?

Catalase and superoxide dismutase

Burn wounds, what bacteria?

Pseudomonas

What are the two intracellular parasitic bacteria?

Rickettsia, and chlamydia (stay inside cells when it's Really Cold)

What are the eight facultative intracellular parasites?

``` salmonella Neisseria Brucella Mycobacterium Listeria Francisella Legionella Yersinia ``` (Some Nasty Bugs May Live Facultatively)

What are the 7 encapsulated bacteria that are normally cleared by the spleen? (SHiNE SKiS)

``` Strep pneumoniae Haemophilus influenzae type B Neisseria meningitidis E.coli Salmonella Klebsiella GBS ```

What are the catalase positive organisms (7, PLACESS for your cats)?

``` Pseudomonas Listeria Aspergillus candida E.coli S. Aureus Serratia ```

What is the cause of chronic granulomatous disease?

Defect or deficiency of NADPH oxidase

True or false: a pure polysaccharide antigen cannot be presented to T cells for immune system activation

true

True or false: H influenzae, Meningococcal, and PCV vaccines are all conjugated polysaccharide vaccines

True

What are the urease positive organisms? (CHuck norris hates PUNKSS)

``` Cryptococcus H. Pylori Proteus ureaplasma Nocardia Klebsiella S epidermidis S. Saprophyticus ```

What is the color of the pigment produced by actinomyces israelii?

Yellow

What is the color of the pigment produced by Staph Aureus?

yellow (Aureus = gold)

What is the color of pseudomonas aeruginosa?

Green

What is the color of Marcescens?

Red

What is the function of the protein A bacterial virulence factor?

Binds to Fc region of IgG

What is the function of the IgA protease that is secreted by S. pneumoniae, Neisseria, and H .influ?

Cleaves IgA

Which bacteria secrete IgA protease (hint, all are encapsulated bacteria, but not all encapsulated bacteria secrete IgA protease)?

S. pneumoniae H .influ Neisseria (SHiN)

What is the M protein found on bacteria?

prevents phagocytosis. Expressed by GAS.

Is exotoxin found on gram negative or gram positive bacteria?

Both

Is endotoxin found on gram negative or gram positive bacteria?

Negative

Is exotoxin found on cell membranes, or secreted? Endotoxin?

Exo is secreted | Endo found on gram - cell walls

What type of polymer are exotoxins? Endotoxins?

``` Exo = polypeptide Endo = Lipopolysaccharide ```

Where is the gene located for exotoxins? Endotoxins?

``` Exo = Plasmid Endo = Bacterial chromosome ```

What is the toxicity of exotoxins? Endotoxins?

``` Exo = highly toxic Endo = low toxicity ```

What are the effects of endotoxins?

fever Shock DIC

What is the MOA of endotoxin (what are the three chemokines that the body secretes)?

Induces TNF-alpha IL-1 IL-6

Is the antigenicity of exotoxins high or low? Endo?

``` Exo = induces many antibodies Endo = Low ```

Is there a vaccine available for exotoxins? How about endotoxins?

``` Exo = yes Endo = no ```

Which is more heat stable: endotoxins or exotoxins?

Endo

Clostridium tetani: endo or exotoxin?

Exo

Diphtheria: endotoxin or exotoxin?

Exo

What is the MOA of diptheria toxin?

Inactivates EF-2

What is the exotoxin that pseudomonas releases? MOA?

Exotoxin A | Inactivates EF-2

What is the exotoxin that Shigella releases? MOA?

Shiga toxin | Inactivates 60S ribosome

What is the exotoxin that EHEC releases? MOA?

Shiga-like toxin | Inactivates 60S ribosome

Does EHEC invade host cells?

What causes the diarrhea associated with Shiga toxin?

Gi mucosal damage

What is the MOA of the heat labile toxin that ETEC releases? Heat stable one?

heat labile=Over Activates cAMP (labile in the Air) | Stable = over activates cGMP (stable on the Ground)

What is the exotoxin that bacillus anthracis releases? MOA?

Edema factor | Mimics adenylate cyclase

Black eschar = ?

Bacillus anthracis

What is the exotoxin that Vibrio Cholerae releases? MOA?

Cholera toxin | Over Activates adenylate cyclase

Rice water diarrhea = ?

Cholera

What is the exotoxin that bordetella pertussis releases? MOA?

Pertussis toxin | Increases cAMP to inhibit phagocytosis

What is the exotoxin that Clostridium tetani releases? MOA?

Tetanospasmin | Inhibits SNAREs of presynaptic terminals of inhibitory interneurons

What is the exotoxin that clostridium botulinum releases? MOA?

Botulinum toxin | Inhibits SNARES of excitatory neurons

What is the exotoxin that Clostridium perfringens releases? MOA?

Alpha toxin | phospholipase degrades cells membranes

What is the exotoxin that Streptococcus pyogenes releases? MOA?

Streptolysin O | protein that degrades cell membranes

What is the disease caused by clostridium perfringens?

Diarrhea, myonecrosis, gas gangrene

What is the bacteria that causes toxic shock syndrome? Exotoxin?

Staph Aureus---TSST-1

What is the superantigen that GAS (strep pyogenes) releases?

Exotoxin A

Is LPS heat stable or labile?

Stable

What are the signs/symptoms of LPS shock (ENDOTOXIN)

``` Edema Nitric oxide DIC Outer membrane TNF-alpha O antigen eXtremely heat stable IL-1 Neutrophil chemotaxis ```

What is bacterial transformation?

Ability to take up naked DNA

Which bacteria can transform easily?

SHiN S. pneumoniae H. Influ Neisseria

Is F+ x F+ possible?

Is F+ x Hfr possible?

Yes

What is bacterial transposition?

Segment of bacterial DNA that can transpose from one location to another

What is generalized transduction?

Lytic cycle

What is specialized transduction?

When Bacterial DNA is incorporated into phage protein capsule

What are the ABCDE toxins that are encoded by lysogenic phages?

``` shigA botulinum Cholera Diphtheria Erythrogenic toxin of strep pyogenes ```

Gram positive bacteria with branching filaments that is anaerobic and not acid fast. What bacteria is this?

Actinomyces

Gram positive bacteria printing film in aerobic and acid fast. What bacteria is this?

Nocardia

Gram positive cocci that is catalase positive and coagulase positive = ?

Staphylococcus aureus

Gram positive cocci that is catalase negative = ?

Strep

Gram positive cocci that is catalase positive, Coagulase negative, and novobiocin sensitive is what?

Staph epidermidis

Gram positive cocci that is catalase positive, Coagulase negative, and NOT novobiocin sensitive is what?

Staph Saprophyticus

Gram positive cocci that is catalase negative, and hemolysis alpha = ?

Strep pneumoniae

Gram positive cocci that is catalase negative, and hemolysis beta= ?

S. pyogenes | S. Agalactiae

Gram positive cocci that is catalase negative, and hemolysis gamma= ?

Group D enterococcus

How do you differentiate between strep pyogenes and strep agalactiae?

bacitracin positive = pyogenes

Is strep pyogenes bacitracin sensitive?

Yes

What does alpha hemolysis mean?

partial hemolysis

What does beta hemolysis mean?

Complete hemolysis

What does gamma hemolysis mean?

No hemolysis on blood agar

Which Staphylococcus bacteria is novobiocin resistant?

Staph Saprophyticus

Which Staphylococcus bacteria is sensitive to novobiocin?

Staph Epidermidis

Which streptococcus bacteria is optochin sensitive?

Pneumoniae

Which streptococcus bacteria is optochin resistant?

Viridans

Which strep bacteria is bacitracin resistant? Sensitive?

``` resistant = GBS Sensitive = GAS ```

What is the virulence factor on Staph Aureus?

Protein A

What is the MOA of TSST-1?

binds to MHC class II, resulting in polyclonal T cell activation...shock

Gram positive cocci that is catalase positive, coagulase positive = ?

Staph Aureus

What is the major bacteria that coats catheters?

Staph Epidermidis

What are the first and second most common causes of UTIs?

E.coli | Staph Saprophyticus

What are the four diseases that strep pneumoniae commonly causes? Is strep pneumoniae optochin sensitive or resistant?

Meningitis OM Pneumonia Sinusitis (MOPS (most optochin sensitive))

True or false: strep pneumoniae has no virulence without a capsule?

true

Which hemolysis result for Strep viridans? Which abx is used to differentiate them? Sensitive or resistant?

Alpha Optochin resistant (they colonize the mouth because they are not afraid of the chin (optochin))

What is the causative agent of strep throat?

Strep pyogenes

What is the cause of acute glomerulonephritis?

Strep pyogenes

What is the abx used to differentiate strep pyogenes? Sensitive or resistant?

Bacitracin sensitive

Bacitracin is used to differentiate between which two groups of strep? Which is sensitive/resistant?

GBS = resistant | Strep pyogenes = sensitive

What diseases do enterococcus bacteria cause?

UTIs

What disease is strep bovis associated with?

Colon cancer (bovis in the blood = CA in the colon)

Pseudomembranous pharyngitis = ?

Diphtheria

Corynebacterium diphtheriae = gram positive or negative? rods or cocci?

gram positive rods

Which of the following bacteria form spores: - strep pyogenes - Clostridium perfringens - Clostridium tetani - Bacillus anthracis - Staph aureus

- Clostridium perfringens - Clostridium tetani - Bacillus anthracis

What are the neurons that are affected by tetanospasmin?

renshaw cells

What is the MOA of botulinum toxin?

Inhibits SNAREs from releasing ACh

Canned goods, honey = ?

C. Botulinum

gas gangrene = ?

Clostridium Perfringens

What are the two toxins released by C. diff? What does each do?

Toxin A--binds brush border | Toxin B--disrupts actin polymerization

What is the treatment for C. diff infx?

Vanco

Bacillus anthracis: gram positive or negative? Morphology? Spores?

gram positive Rod | yes to spores

Box shaped, gram positive, rods?

Anthrax

What is cutaneous anthrax? (symptoms, prognosis)?

Black esher, rarely deadly

What is pulmonary anthrax?

Woolsorter's disease | very deadly

What disease does bacillus cereus cause?

Food poisoning

reheated rice = ?

bacillus anthracis

Unpasteurized deli meats and cheeses + food poisoning = ?

Listeria monocytogenes

Rocket bacteria = ?

Listeria monocytogenes

Listeria: rods or cocci? gram positive or negative?

gram positive rods

Nocardia vs actinomyces: which is gram positive

Both

Nocardia vs actinomyces: which is aerobic

nocardia

Nocardia vs actinomyces: which is acid fast

nocardia

Nocardia vs actinomyces: which is treated with PCN, and which with sulfa?

``` Actinomyces = PCN Nocardia = Sulfa ```

What is a Ghon complex?

Focus of radiopacity, indicative of TB

What disease does mycobacterium Kansasii cause?

Like TB, but less severe

What disease does mycobacterium avium-intracellulare cause?

Disseminated, non-TB disease in AIDS pts

true or false: all mycobacteria are acid fast

True