Flashcards in Micro Deck (155):
1
What is the function of the peptidoglycan layer?
Gives cells rigid support.
2
What is the major surface antigen on bacteria?
Cell wall (if gram positive)
3
What is the antigenic part of the outer membrane of gram negative bacteria?
Lipid A
4
What is the function of the capsule of bacteria?
Protects against phagocytosis
5
What is the function of pilli?
Cell attachment
6
What is the function of the glycocalyx?
Mediates cell adherence to surfaces
7
What is the gram stain and morphology of staph and strep?
Gram positive cocci
8
What is the gram stain and morphology of Neisseria?
Gram negative cocci
9
What is the gram stain and morphology of Clostridium?
Gram positive rod
10
What is the gram stain and morphology of Corynybacterium?
Gram positive rod
11
What is the gram stain and morphology of Bacillus?
Gram positive rod
12
What is the gram stain and morphology of Listeria?
Gram positive rod
13
What is the gram stain and morphology of mycobacterium?
Weak Gram positive (acid fast) rod
14
What is the gram stain and morphology of gardnerella?
Gram variable rod
15
What are the two gram positive, branching filamentous rods?
Actinomyces
Nocardia
16
What are the two pleomorphic, gram negative rods?
Rickettsiae
Chlamydiae
17
What are the three gram negative spirochetes?
Borrelia
Leptospira
Treponema
18
What are the three major gram negative respiratory bacteria?
Haemophilus
Legionella
Bordetella
19
What are the 6 bacteria that do not gram stain well? (hint: These Microbes May Lack Real Color)
Treponema
Mycobacteria
Mycoplasma
Legionella
Rickettsia
chlamydia
20
What are the bacteria that stain with a Giemsa stain? (hint: Certain Bugs Really Try My Patience)
Chlamydia
Borrelia
Rickettsia
Trypanosomes
Plasmodium
21
What is the PAS reaction used for?
Polysaccharides
22
India ink stain = ?
Cryptococcus neoformans
23
Ziehl-Neelsen (carbol fuchsin rxn) is used to identify which bacteria?
Nocardia and Mycobacterium
24
Silver stain is used to identify what type of organisms?
Fungi
25
Which bacteria needs chocolate agar with factors V (NAD) and X (hematin)?
H. influenzae
26
Which bacteria needs Thayer-Martin media (VPM)?
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Neisseria Meningitidis
27
What is contained within the VPM media that N. gonorrhoeae and N. Meningitidis need?
Vancomycin
Polymyxin
Nystatin
28
Which bacteria needs Bordet-Gengou (potato) agar?
Bordetella pertussis (bordet for bordetella)
29
Which bacteria needs Lowenstein-Jensen agar?
TB
30
What is the agar that fungi need to grow?
Sabourand (Sab's a fun gi)
31
Aerobic or anaerobic: Nocardia
aerobic
32
Aerobic or anaerobic: Pseudomonas
aerobic
33
Aerobic or anaerobic: mycobacterium
aerobic
34
Aerobic or anaerobic: clostridium
Anaerobic
35
Aerobic or anaerobic: Bacteroides
Anaerobic
36
Aerobic or anaerobic: actinomyces
Anaerobic
37
What are the enzymes needed for a bacteria to be able to survive oxygen?
Catalase and superoxide dismutase
38
Burn wounds, what bacteria?
Pseudomonas
39
What are the two intracellular parasitic bacteria?
Rickettsia, and chlamydia (stay inside cells when it's Really Cold)
40
What are the eight facultative intracellular parasites?
salmonella
Neisseria
Brucella
Mycobacterium
Listeria
Francisella
Legionella
Yersinia
(Some Nasty Bugs May Live Facultatively)
41
What are the 7 encapsulated bacteria that are normally cleared by the spleen? (SHiNE SKiS)
Strep pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenzae type B
Neisseria meningitidis
E.coli
Salmonella
Klebsiella
GBS
42
What are the catalase positive organisms (7, PLACESS for your cats)?
Pseudomonas
Listeria
Aspergillus
candida
E.coli
S. Aureus
Serratia
43
What is the cause of chronic granulomatous disease?
Defect or deficiency of NADPH oxidase
44
True or false: a pure polysaccharide antigen cannot be presented to T cells for immune system activation
true
45
True or false: H influenzae, Meningococcal, and PCV vaccines are all conjugated polysaccharide vaccines
True
46
What are the urease positive organisms? (CHuck norris hates PUNKSS)
Cryptococcus
H. Pylori
Proteus
ureaplasma
Nocardia
Klebsiella
S epidermidis
S. Saprophyticus
47
What is the color of the pigment produced by actinomyces israelii?
Yellow
48
What is the color of the pigment produced by Staph Aureus?
yellow (Aureus = gold)
49
What is the color of pseudomonas aeruginosa?
Green
50
What is the color of Marcescens?
Red
51
What is the function of the protein A bacterial virulence factor?
Binds to Fc region of IgG
52
What is the function of the IgA protease that is secreted by S. pneumoniae, Neisseria, and H .influ?
Cleaves IgA
53
Which bacteria secrete IgA protease (hint, all are encapsulated bacteria, but not all encapsulated bacteria secrete IgA protease)?
S. pneumoniae
H .influ
Neisseria
(SHiN)
54
What is the M protein found on bacteria?
prevents phagocytosis. Expressed by GAS.
55
Is exotoxin found on gram negative or gram positive bacteria?
Both
56
Is endotoxin found on gram negative or gram positive bacteria?
Negative
57
Is exotoxin found on cell membranes, or secreted? Endotoxin?
Exo is secreted
Endo found on gram - cell walls
58
What type of polymer are exotoxins? Endotoxins?
Exo = polypeptide
Endo = Lipopolysaccharide
59
Where is the gene located for exotoxins? Endotoxins?
Exo = Plasmid
Endo = Bacterial chromosome
60
What is the toxicity of exotoxins? Endotoxins?
Exo = highly toxic
Endo = low toxicity
61
What are the effects of endotoxins?
fever
Shock
DIC
62
What is the MOA of endotoxin (what are the three chemokines that the body secretes)?
Induces TNF-alpha
IL-1
IL-6
63
Is the antigenicity of exotoxins high or low? Endo?
Exo = induces many antibodies
Endo = Low
64
Is there a vaccine available for exotoxins? How about endotoxins?
Exo = yes
Endo = no
65
Which is more heat stable: endotoxins or exotoxins?
Endo
66
Clostridium tetani: endo or exotoxin?
Exo
67
Diphtheria: endotoxin or exotoxin?
Exo
68
What is the MOA of diptheria toxin?
Inactivates EF-2
69
What is the exotoxin that pseudomonas releases? MOA?
Exotoxin A
Inactivates EF-2
70
What is the exotoxin that Shigella releases? MOA?
Shiga toxin
Inactivates 60S ribosome
71
What is the exotoxin that EHEC releases? MOA?
Shiga-like toxin
Inactivates 60S ribosome
72
Does EHEC invade host cells?
No
73
What causes the diarrhea associated with Shiga toxin?
Gi mucosal damage
74
What is the MOA of the heat labile toxin that ETEC releases? Heat stable one?
heat labile=Over Activates cAMP (labile in the Air)
Stable = over activates cGMP (stable on the Ground)
75
What is the exotoxin that bacillus anthracis releases? MOA?
Edema factor
Mimics adenylate cyclase
76
Black eschar = ?
Bacillus anthracis
77
What is the exotoxin that Vibrio Cholerae releases? MOA?
Cholera toxin
Over Activates adenylate cyclase
78
Rice water diarrhea = ?
Cholera
79
What is the exotoxin that bordetella pertussis releases? MOA?
Pertussis toxin
Increases cAMP to inhibit phagocytosis
80
What is the exotoxin that Clostridium tetani releases? MOA?
Tetanospasmin
Inhibits SNAREs of presynaptic terminals of inhibitory interneurons
81
What is the exotoxin that clostridium botulinum releases? MOA?
Botulinum toxin
Inhibits SNARES of excitatory neurons
82
What is the exotoxin that Clostridium perfringens releases? MOA?
Alpha toxin
phospholipase degrades cells membranes
83
What is the exotoxin that Streptococcus pyogenes releases? MOA?
Streptolysin O
protein that degrades cell membranes
84
What is the disease caused by clostridium perfringens?
Diarrhea, myonecrosis, gas gangrene
85
What is the bacteria that causes toxic shock syndrome? Exotoxin?
Staph Aureus---TSST-1
86
What is the superantigen that GAS (strep pyogenes) releases?
Exotoxin A
87
Is LPS heat stable or labile?
Stable
88
What are the signs/symptoms of LPS shock (ENDOTOXIN)
Edema
Nitric oxide
DIC
Outer membrane
TNF-alpha
O antigen
eXtremely heat stable
IL-1
Neutrophil chemotaxis
89
What is bacterial transformation?
Ability to take up naked DNA
90
Which bacteria can transform easily?
SHiN
S. pneumoniae
H. Influ
Neisseria
91
Is F+ x F+ possible?
No
92
Is F+ x Hfr possible?
Yes
93
What is bacterial transposition?
Segment of bacterial DNA that can transpose from one location to another
94
What is generalized transduction?
Lytic cycle
95
What is specialized transduction?
When Bacterial DNA is incorporated into phage protein capsule
96
What are the ABCDE toxins that are encoded by lysogenic phages?
shigA
botulinum
Cholera
Diphtheria
Erythrogenic toxin of strep pyogenes
97
Gram positive bacteria with branching filaments that is anaerobic and not acid fast. What bacteria is this?
Actinomyces
98
Gram positive bacteria printing film in aerobic and acid fast. What bacteria is this?
Nocardia
99
Gram positive cocci that is catalase positive and coagulase positive = ?
Staphylococcus aureus
100
Gram positive cocci that is catalase negative = ?
Strep
101
Gram positive cocci that is catalase positive, Coagulase negative, and novobiocin sensitive is what?
Staph epidermidis
102
Gram positive cocci that is catalase positive, Coagulase negative, and NOT novobiocin sensitive is what?
Staph Saprophyticus
103
Gram positive cocci that is catalase negative, and hemolysis alpha = ?
Strep pneumoniae
104
Gram positive cocci that is catalase negative, and hemolysis beta= ?
S. pyogenes
S. Agalactiae
105
Gram positive cocci that is catalase negative, and hemolysis gamma= ?
Group D enterococcus
106
How do you differentiate between strep pyogenes and strep agalactiae?
bacitracin positive = pyogenes
107
Is strep pyogenes bacitracin sensitive?
Yes
108
What does alpha hemolysis mean?
partial hemolysis
109
What does beta hemolysis mean?
Complete hemolysis
110
What does gamma hemolysis mean?
No hemolysis on blood agar
111
Which Staphylococcus bacteria is novobiocin resistant?
Staph Saprophyticus
112
Which Staphylococcus bacteria is sensitive to novobiocin?
Staph Epidermidis
113
Which streptococcus bacteria is optochin sensitive?
Pneumoniae
114
Which streptococcus bacteria is optochin resistant?
Viridans
115
Which strep bacteria is bacitracin resistant? Sensitive?
resistant = GBS
Sensitive = GAS
116
What is the virulence factor on Staph Aureus?
Protein A
117
What is the MOA of TSST-1?
binds to MHC class II, resulting in polyclonal T cell activation...shock
118
Gram positive cocci that is catalase positive, coagulase positive = ?
Staph Aureus
119
What is the major bacteria that coats catheters?
Staph Epidermidis
120
What are the first and second most common causes of UTIs?
E.coli
Staph Saprophyticus
121
What are the four diseases that strep pneumoniae commonly causes? Is strep pneumoniae optochin sensitive or resistant?
Meningitis
OM
Pneumonia
Sinusitis
(MOPS (most optochin sensitive))
122
True or false: strep pneumoniae has no virulence without a capsule?
true
123
Which hemolysis result for Strep viridans? Which abx is used to differentiate them? Sensitive or resistant?
Alpha
Optochin
resistant
(they colonize the mouth because they are not afraid of the chin (optochin))
124
What is the causative agent of strep throat?
Strep pyogenes
125
What is the cause of acute glomerulonephritis?
Strep pyogenes
126
What is the abx used to differentiate strep pyogenes? Sensitive or resistant?
Bacitracin sensitive
127
Bacitracin is used to differentiate between which two groups of strep? Which is sensitive/resistant?
GBS = resistant
Strep pyogenes = sensitive
128
What diseases do enterococcus bacteria cause?
UTIs
129
What disease is strep bovis associated with?
Colon cancer (bovis in the blood = CA in the colon)
130
Pseudomembranous pharyngitis = ?
Diphtheria
131
Corynebacterium diphtheriae = gram positive or negative? rods or cocci?
gram positive rods
132
Which of the following bacteria form spores:
-strep pyogenes
-Clostridium perfringens
-Clostridium tetani
-Bacillus anthracis
-Staph aureus
-Clostridium perfringens
-Clostridium tetani
-Bacillus anthracis
133
What are the neurons that are affected by tetanospasmin?
renshaw cells
134
What is the MOA of botulinum toxin?
Inhibits SNAREs from releasing ACh
135
Canned goods, honey = ?
C. Botulinum
136
gas gangrene = ?
Clostridium Perfringens
137
What are the two toxins released by C. diff? What does each do?
Toxin A--binds brush border
Toxin B--disrupts actin polymerization
138
What is the treatment for C. diff infx?
Vanco
139
Bacillus anthracis: gram positive or negative? Morphology? Spores?
gram positive Rod
yes to spores
140
Box shaped, gram positive, rods?
Anthrax
141
What is cutaneous anthrax? (symptoms, prognosis)?
Black esher, rarely deadly
142
What is pulmonary anthrax?
Woolsorter's disease
very deadly
143
What disease does bacillus cereus cause?
Food poisoning
144
reheated rice = ?
bacillus anthracis
145
Unpasteurized deli meats and cheeses + food poisoning = ?
Listeria monocytogenes
146
Rocket bacteria = ?
Listeria monocytogenes
147
Listeria: rods or cocci? gram positive or negative?
gram positive rods
148
Nocardia vs actinomyces: which is gram positive
Both
149
Nocardia vs actinomyces: which is aerobic
nocardia
150
Nocardia vs actinomyces: which is acid fast
nocardia
151
Nocardia vs actinomyces: which is treated with PCN, and which with sulfa?
Actinomyces = PCN
Nocardia = Sulfa
152
What is a Ghon complex?
Focus of radiopacity, indicative of TB
153
What disease does mycobacterium Kansasii cause?
Like TB, but less severe
154
What disease does mycobacterium avium-intracellulare cause?
Disseminated, non-TB disease in AIDS pts
155