important Flashcards
(367 cards)
1
Q
columbian exchange
A
exchange of disease, crops, farming practices, etc between the americas and europe.
2
Q
encomienda system
A
a spanish system where natives were given to colonists to use for labor.
3
Q
joint stock companies
A
started by king james I. private investors partly fund a company and receive a portion of the profits from that company.
4
Q
john winthrop
A
led the puritan exodus, founded the massachusetts bay colony, developed the idea of city upon a hill.
5
Q
mayflower compact
A
set up a self government for the plymouth colony, first agreement for self government in america.
6
Q
indentured servant
A
a person whose voyage is paid for, then would serve the funder for usually seven years.
7
Q
anglicans
A
church of england made by henry VIII after leaving catholicism.
8
Q
bacon’s rebellion
A
1675-1676. economic conflicts and lack of government support led bacon and his men to march on the capital. they were crushed, but prompted reforms.
9
Q
navigation acts
A
passed from 1650 to 1660, required certain english colonial goods to be handled by and shipped through England to benefit english merchants.
10
Q
south atlantic system
A
new agricultural and commercial order producing sugar, tobacco, rice etc. run by europeans and worked by african slaves.
11
Q
middle passage
A
routes slave ships used to transport slaves. people died from disease, suicide, or because of uprisings.
12
Q
maryland act for religious tolerance
A
maryland was meant to be a catholic colony, but many protestants and other religions showed up. created this law to allow freedom of worship.
13
Q
black codes
A
made in the islands and carried to carolinas, laws to control the slave population and maintain white superiority.
14
Q
jamestown
A
the first permanent english settlement in north america, founded by the virginia company as an economic venture.
15
Q
great awakening
A
religious revival in the colonies that brought people back to church. new lights helped create religious devotion and enthusiasm.
16
Q
new lights and old lights
A
support the great awakening. believe they are saving people.
do not support the great awakening. believe people are going for entertainment.
17
Q
johnathan edwards
A
first great awakening preacher.
18
Q
george whitefield
A
preacher in the great awakening. message of grace through Jesus Christ.
19
Q
enlightenment
A
philosophical movement of questioning, discoveries, and reasoning.
20
Q
deism
A
believe God created a perfect universe than had no more influence. believed there was reason in nature and in natural laws as God made everything perfect.
21
Q
mercantilism
A
more exports than imports for profit.
22
Q
navigation acts
A
series of laws limiting colonists trade and giving more benefits to the british government.
23
Q
molasses act
A
first real tax in the colonies. goal is to stop colonies from buying french molasses by adding tax to all non-british molasses.
24
Q
pueblo revolt
A
pueblo people get angry with spanish treatment so they kill and attack spaniards. they panic and move to santa fe where pueblo lay siege so they flee to mexico. return 12 years later with much more respect (more than the english).
25
predestination
the puritan belief that God predisposes whether a person shall be saved or damned.
26
john smith
saves jamestown by taking leadership. "those who shall not work shall not eat."
27
john rolfe
saves jamestown the second time because it was making no profit before he found harvesting of tobacco in 1616.
28
elizabeth key
fought for and eventually won her freedom. then a virginia statute was created declaring that a child's freedom depends on their mother's.
29
the act for the better ordering and governing of negroes
in 1661, established on the islands. established that enslaved people would be treated as chattel property. black code.
30
pilgrim
protestants seeking separation from the church of england. led by william bradford, also the second governor of plymouth.
31
puritan
protestants that did not separated from the church of england but hoped to purify it of catholicism. belief that God is good, people are bad, predestination, and visible saints.
32
john locke
philosopher that said legitimacy of government relies on the governed, and all people have natural rights to life, liberty, and property. Natural Rights, Social Contract.
33
salutary neglect
colonies avoided parliament laws meant to keep them obedient to england. chaos (charles I and civil war) lead the colonies to grow more independent and they don't want to let go of that.
34
house of burgesses
established in virginia in 1619. first representative self government in the colonies.
35
massachusetts bay colony
many puritans come after king charles I becomes king.
36
quakers
members of the religious society of friends, a christian movement devoted to peaceful principles. formed pennsylvania.
37
king phillip wars
natives last attempt to drive out colonists.
38
social contract
the philosophical idea that government legitimacy stems from the consent of the governed, meaning that individuals willingly agree to be ruled in exchange for certain benefits, like protection of their natural rights
39
whiskey rebellion
congress taxes whiskey so farmers get upset because they can no longer profit and rebel. they were crushed by the federal army showing that it is working.
40
french revolution
declares war against all monarchies, including britain.
41
jays treaty
avoids war with britain, kidnappings continue. treaty between the us and britain, negotiated by john jay. it accepted britain's right to stop neutral ships and required the us government to pay the pre-revolutionary war debts. in return, it allowed americans to accuse illegal seizures and required the british to remove their troops and indian agents from the northwest.
42
alien and sedation acts
allows the president to kick out foreign citizens if at war with their country and banned opposition to the party in power. made in order to prepare for a war they thought they would have with france.
43
virginia and kentucky resolutions
if the federal government makes a law that is unconstitutional, the states don’t have to follow it. response the the alien and sedition acts.
44
revolution of 1800
peaceful transfer or power in the election of 1800, remarkable for a young nation that there was no civil war.
45
john marshall
federalist, all decisions strengthen the federal government, chief justice.
46
bank of the united states
a central bank proposed by alexander hamilton and established in 1791 to stabilize the countries economy and unite the country. used elastic clause.
47
washington’s farewell address
washington’s speech at the end of his presidency warning american citizens of the dangers of political parties and foreign affairs.
48
xyz affair
american negotiators refused to pay a bribe to the french, leading to an undeclared war and paused trade.
49
samuel slater
father of the american factory system, brought ideas and secrets over from britain.
50
the second great awakening
protestant christian religious revivals emphasizing righteousness, personal restrains, and moral behavior that will lead to salvation.
51
charles grandson finney
preacher in the second great awakening, very focused on awakening emotion and on the audience, used plain language everyone understood.
52
Albany plan of union
Benjamin Franklin called for a central government between the colonies. Proposed as the British were losing the French and Indian War and wanted to become more united to fight more organized by allowing them to organize Western defense.
53
Revolutionary/Continental Congress
crucial governing body during the American Revolution, coordinating colonial resistance to British rule. It played a key role in the war effort by raising the Continental Army, declaring independence, and drafting the Articles of Confederation.
54
Royal Proclamation of 1763
established boundaries for British settlement in North America and reserved land for Indigenous peoples west of the Appalachian Mountains. It aimed to prevent conflicts with Indigenous tribes and protect the fur trade
55
Navigation Acts
a series of British laws enacted in the mid-17th century, primarily aimed at controlling colonial trade to benefit the British economy through mercantilism
56
quartering act
required American colonists to provide housing and supplies for British soldiers
57
sugar act
tax passed by the British Parliament in 1764 to raise revenue from the American colonies.
58
stamp act
a British law requiring colonists in the American colonies to pay a tax on printed materials like newspapers, legal documents, and playing cards.
59
stamp act congress
a meeting of representatives from nine of the thirteen British colonies in North America held in New York City in October 1765. Its primary purpose was to coordinate a unified response to the newly imposed Stamp Act of 1765,
60
Declaratory Act
declared Parliament's authority to make laws binding the American colonies "in all cases whatsoever"
61
Townshend acts
a series of taxes and regulations passed by the British Parliament in 1767 to raise revenue from the American colonies
62
coercive acts
a series of laws passed by the British Parliament in 1774 to punish the Massachusetts colony for the Boston Tea Party. These acts aimed to curb colonial resistance to British rule and demonstrate the authority of the Crown.
63
Continental Congress of 1774 (First Continental Congress)
Delegates from twelve of the thirteen colonies met to address growing tensions with Great Britain, particularly the Intolerable Acts passed by Parliament. They aimed to find a way to resolve these issues and maintain a degree of self-governance.
64
lexington and concord
marked the beginning of the American Revolutionary War.
65
battle of saratoga
The American victory at Saratoga was a turning point in the Revolutionary War.
66
battle of Yorktown
Britain didn’t have the resources to outlast Americans and were defeated
67
articles of confederation
the first constitution of the United States, adopted in 1777 and ratified in 1781. It established a weak central government with most power residing in the individual states, leading to significant challenges that eventually led to the Constitutional Convention and the creation of the current U.S. Constitution.
68
northwest ordinance of 1787
established a process for territories to become states, outlined a structured government system for the Northwest Territory, and prohibited slavery in those territories.
69
shay's rebellion
a violent uprising in Massachusetts in 1786 and 1787 that involved farmers protesting economic policies and high taxes.
70
constitutional convention
a meeting in Philadelphia in 1787 that established the United States Constitution.
71
Indian Trade and Intercourse Act
Made regulations for relationships between settlers and their trade. Settlers largely ignored this, so conflict between settlers and Indians and the British as they supported them. 1790
72
Common Sense
By Thomas Paine, convinced commoners that Revolution was necessary.
73
Great Compromise
Mixed the New Jersey Plan and the Virginia Plan.
74
3/5 Compromise
Made it so slaves were counted as 3/5 of a citizen. This number would then be used to allocate both representation and direct taxes.
75
Federalist Papers
Led to ratification of the Constitution.
76
Republican Motherhood
Led to more education for women.
77
Marbury v Madison
The first U.S. Supreme Court case to apply the principle of "judicial review" -- the power of federal courts to void acts of Congress in conflict with the Constitution. Under John Marshall. Judiciary Act.
78
Louisiana Purchase
Buys area from Napoleon for 15 mil. Bought because Britain was in Canada so if France and Britain went to war, they would be roped in. Under TJ even though he believed in strict interpretation.
79
USS Chesapeake
First naval ship seized, takes 4 US soldiers and puts them into the British navy.
80
Embargo of 1807
Will not export US goods to Europe. Cannot leave bound for foreign ports. More damage to the US than Britain because Britain doesn't actually need anything from America.
81
Non-intercourse Act
No trade with Britain and France until neutrality is respected, but can trade with other countries. Not enforceable.
82
Macon's Bill #2
Whoever promises to respect neutrality first will have trade with the US, trade will be closed with the other. Trade opened with France and closed with Britain, Napoleon's goal is to put them at war.
83
Treaty of Ghent
Establishes the state that was before the War of 1812.
84
Hartford Convention
Federalists meet to discuss how to avoid this in the future and discuss their frustrations with the country. Threaten to remove themselves. Think the south is getting too much power. People are angry that they are complaining after we won a war so the federalist die.
85
Era of Good Feelings
Only one political party. Nationalism because they defeated the strongest nation for the second time.
86
American System
Proposed by Henry Clay. Strong national bank, raise tariffs, internal improvements.
87
McCulloh v Maryland
A state cannot tax a federal bank and national law trumps state law when they contradict. Uses necessary and proper clause.
88
Barbary states
Federal government paid these states in North Africa to protect US merchant trips in this area. Want more pay which makes TJ refuses to pay anything. Barbary pirates attack and eventually he pays them again but less. paved the way for american naval power.
89
Tullmage Amendment
Proposal that slavery would be banned in Missouri after 25 years. Debates because that could eventually abolish slavery in all states.
90
Missouri Compromise of 1820
Creates the Maine resolution and the 36'30 dividing line.
91
Rush-Bagot Treaty
With Britain, limits the amount of ships in the Great Lakes.
92
Adams-Onis Treaty
Gains Florida from Spain and handles the South and West border.
93
Monroe Doctrine
A document mostly written by John Quincy Adams. US separation from European conflicts and Europe stays out of the Western Hemisphere (except current colonies).
94
Panic of 1819
First widespread financial crisis in the US. Caused by the wildcat bank situation.
95
Market Revolution
Unit 4! Advancements in agriculture, industry, and transportation lead to the linking of northern industries with farms in the South and West. Interchangeable parts, spinning machine, cotton gin. US becomes a single economy. Transportation made this possible.
96
Corrupt Bargain
Election of 1824. Jackson won popular vote but no one won the electoral vote so it went to the House of Rep who chose John Quincy Adams. Henry Clay was the Speaker of the House and Adams makes him Sec of State.
97
Rise of the Common Man
More and more people getting involved in politics because of newspapers, education, and decreasing land requirements. Led to splitting of dem reps into National Republicans (big gov, loose) and Democrats (limited gov, strict).
98
whigs vs dems
whigs wanted strong central gov, Dems supported states rights
99
Tariff of Abominations
Very high tariff passed in 1828. SC threatens to secede and Jackson puts the army on their border. Eventually it is declared that the South
100
Webster-Hayne Debates
Arguments of whether the US has the power to enforce laws of it the states can nullify them. 1830.
101
Indian Removal Act of 1830
Natives have adapted to American lifestyles - 5 civilized tribes. On white lands, Jackson moves them to "prevent attacks." All Indians relocated West of the Mississippi River. 4/5 abided.
102
Worcester v Georgia
The Cherokee people had declared themselves a sovereign nation within Georgia, but once gold was found in their hills, the Georgians tried to force them out and across the Mississippi River, which they refused and brought to court. Won as the court declared they were a sovereign nation and Georgia could not impose state laws within their boundaries. Jackson does not enforce.
103
Trail of Tears
Forces Cherokee (only tribe that didn't move) from their ancestral land. Many die.
104
Roger B Taney
3rd secretary of state that listens to Jackson to move the National Bank deposits to state to destroy the National Bank.
105
Specie Circular Act
issued by President Andrew Jackson in 1836, requiring the government to accept only gold and silver (specie) as payment for public lands. This policy was intended to curb speculation and land speculation, but it ultimately contributed to the Panic of 1837.
106
Second Bank of the US
Established in 1816. Stabilized the economy.
107
Treaty of New Echota
Cherokee agreed with US on this, exchanging land in the East for the West.
108
Second Party System
Whigs and Democrats.
109
Romanticism
Replaced the rationality of Enlightenment with emotion and desire. After culture had mostly been impacted by Europe. Depict utopias.
110
Hudson River School
Part of romanticism. Portrayed untouched land with hints of encroachment.
111
Transcentalism
American philosophy that emerged, rooted in beauty and power of nature, belief in human perfectibility.
112
Ralph Waldo Emerson
Transcendentalist who believed in individualism.
113
Henry David Thoreau
Lived alone in nature for 2 years. Wrote Walden.
114
Shakers
Utopian community. Christians, mostly in KY. Didn't believe in sexual relations so had no kids and died out. Led by Mother Ann Lee.
115
Oneida
Perfect equality, one big family.
116
Sectionalism of the early 1800s
North becomes more industrialized, South is independent farming. Industry makes more money so the North becomes wealthier.
117
Cult of Domesticity
Society pushes back and want women to stay in the home.
118
Advancements in transportation
Toll roads are bad for farmers moving crops, good for westward expansion. Canals and steamboats allow for travel up and down the river anywhere (Erie Canal). Railroads are the most efficient, mostly being in the North.
119
Nat Turner's Rebellion
Organized slave revolt in Virginia, Turner believed God had chosen him to lead this revolt. Killed many ministers and eventually the slaves were killed.
120
Admisted
Ship of enslaved people. Killed many whites. US v Amistad: Africans won.
121
Mormon Chuch
Established in attempts to reform Christianity. Founded by Joseph Smith, claimed that God told him Christianity had strayed from the truth and he was the prophet to bring it back. After saying God commanded polygamy, Brigham Young became the leader and led them to Utah.
122
American Temperance Society
Aimed at making working class men not drink. Protestant. First push for temperance.
123
William Lloyd Garrison
Published abolitionist newspaper called the Liberator. Need to fight slavery by persuasion, not violence. Established the American Anti-Slavery Society.
124
Fredrick Douglas
Escaped slave, published the Narrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglas explaining the slavery experience, especially the dehumanization.
125
Seneca Falls Convention
Led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott. Created the Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions.
126
Public School Reform
Educate children to create better opportunities for them and a better society. Supported by nativists and opposed by farmers.
127
Penitary Reform
Reformers believed people put in prison could change and would not always stay the same. Individual cells for solitary reflection, skylights for the eyes of God. No more abuse.
128
Dorothea Dix
Advocated for a seperate place for mental people to go as prison was for criminals.
129
Minstrel Shows
White men paint their faces black and act as they though plantation slaves would act.
130
Noah Webster
Wrote the dictionary. Unique American language.
131
Nullification Crisis
A major political crisis in the United States in 1832-1833, stemmed from South Carolina's attempt to nullify federal tariffs, specifically the Tariff of 1828 and the Tariff of 1832. These tariffs, intended to protect Northern industries, were seen as detrimental to the Southern economy, particularly the agricultural sector. South Carolina declared these tariffs null and void within its borders, leading to a confrontation with the federal government. Force Bill and Doctrine of Nullification.
132
anaconda plan
north's three part plan- block ports to cut off southern trade with europe, control mississippi river to cut off texas (where most supplies are made) and split the confederacy in half, and capture the capital of the confederacy.
133
national banking act
war bonds are treated as specie which helps pay for war and encourage economic investment.
134
writ of habeas corpus
enforcement of the constitution suspended in maryland. allows military to arrest pro confederacy marylanders. justified by the necessary and proper clause.
135
1st battle of bull run (manasas)
first planned battle of the civil war.
136
antietam (sharpsburg)
south lost 1/4 of their army. lincoln issued the emancipation proclamation after this because it was a big victory for the north.
137
ulysses s. grant
general who actually fights.
138
first confiscation act
authorizes the seizure of property of the other side during the war. says the slaves aren't free if their confiscated.
139
second confiscation act
slaves that cross union lines are forever free.
140
emancipation proclamation
makes the war about slavery. all slaves under rebel control shall be free by january 1, 1863.
141
siege at vicksburg
full control of the mississippi by the union.
142
war of attriation
grant was willing to use his troops to defeat the south.
143
sherman's march/march to the sea
wants to show how horrible war is to citizens. destroys everything.
144
appomattox
south outnumbered and surrounded, general lee surrenders to grant.
145
proclamation of amnesty and reconstruction (10% Plan)
lincoln's plan. south never really left the union so rejoining will be quick and easy. when 10% of voters pledge allegiance to the union and accept emancipation, the state can rejoin the union.
146
wade-davis bill
made by radical republicans. 50% of voters need to pledge and accept.
147
presidential reconstruction
johnson's plan. state must admit secession was illegal, promise to pay back their own debts, and ratify the 13th amendment (accept abolition).
148
black codes
passed in the south to keep white superiority. examples: must have a license for non-agricultural land, cannot own farmland.
149
congress v johnson
Congress, dominated by Radical Republicans, sought to punish the South and ensure rights for formerly enslaved people, while Johnson, as a Democrat, favored a more lenient approach. This clash culminated in Johnson's impeachment
150
reconstruction act of 1867
5 military districts in the south to ensure they comply, 14th amendment must be accepted, must grant black suffrage. then they can be a state.
151
tenure of office act
stops the president from removing generals or cabinet members without congress approval. says he can't make orders.
152
klu klux klan
formed to suppress southern republican governments and stop blacks and scalawags from voting. terrorized blacks to display white supremacy.
153
south strength's
on defense, better generals (robert e lee).
154
north strengths
4x the population of the south, strong navy to control waters, control of banks, factories, and railroads, and strong central government.
155
fort sumter
first shots of the civil war. south cut off provisions to this base so lincoln said he was simply supplying it but the ships were attacked.
156
gettysburg address
Lincoln wanted to unify the nation and portray abolitionism as fulfilling america's democratic ideals.
157
freedmen's bureau
helped newly freed blacks get back on their feet. not super successful.
158
civil rights act of 1866
protected citizenship of blacks and gave them protection. All Blacks are citizens. Also overturned the Dred Scott Decision. vetoed and overridden, led to the 14th amendment.
159
14th amendment
anyone born or naturalized in the US are citizens and all citizens have equal protection by state laws.
160
15th amendment
voting rights to the black population of the south.
161
national women's suffrage association
fought to give women voting rights. said it was important to support federal reconstruction and work on suffrage on the state level.
162
compromise of 1877
democrats would concede the election but all federal troops had to be removed from the south.
163
manifest destiny
americans believe they have a God-given right to have a nation from the pacific to the atlantic.
164
california gold rush
gold discovered in california in 1848, people from the east rushed over.
165
james k polk
elected in 1844, big on manifest destiny, wanted texas and oregon.
166
two requirements made by mexican government for texas settlers.
convert to roman catholicism and outlawed slavery.
167
sam houston revolt
declare texas as an independent republic.
168
battle of san jacinto
Texas gains independence.
169
treaty of guadalupe hidalgo
officially ended the Mexican american war, established the rio grande as the southern border of texas, mexico cession (new mexico and california) sold to the US for 15 million.
170
wilmot proviso
any land gained from victory in the mexican american war would be off limits to slavery. turned down.
171
free soil movement
northern democrats and whigs, wanted new territories to have free laborers.
172
compromise of 1850
made by henry clay. mexican cession divided into utah and new mexico who would practice popular sovereignty, california would be a free state, slave trade banned in DC, stricter fugitive slave laws.
173
abolitionist written work
the liberator and uncle tom's cabin.
174
abolitionist spoken work
fredrick douglass's speeches.
175
underground railroad
series of paths and railroads used by slaves to escape to freedom.
176
harper's ferry uprising
led by john brown. wanted to steal weapons and give them to slaves in order to ignite an uprising. quickly squashed and brown was hanged.
177
kansas nebraska act
kansas and nebraska came into the union and were clearly above the 36 30 line, stephen douglas suggested this territory be split into 2 and have popular sovereignty.
178
bleeding kansas
violence between proslavery and antislavery people in kansas.
179
dred scott decision
Slaves are not citizens but property. Insinuated slavery was allowed anywhere.
180
republicans
made in 1854, argued that slavery shouldn't spread into new territory.
181
54 40 or fight
polk wants all of oregon, including in canada. eventually birtain argues that the border will be on the 49th parallel and we get oregon but smaller.
182
cause of the mexican american war
polk offered 25 million dollars for all of the southwest but mexico declined because it would half their nation. polk puts the army on the rio grande which he said the border while mexico believed it to be the nueces river, meaning they saw it as an invasion and attacked first which polk wanted.
183
fugitive slave act
only runaway accusation needed to put a black man into slavery.
184
sumner brooks affair
sumner gives a speech blaming the south for kansas conflicts, southern legislator beats him half to death.
185
confederate states of america
many southern states left the union as they could no longer survive. created a constitution that created a weak federal gov and made it impossible to abolish slavery.
186
jefferson davis
first and only president of the confederacy.
187
alexander stephens
vp of confederacy, delivered cornerstone speech (whites are better than blacks which was the foundation of the confederacy, proven through slavery).
188
social darwinism
some people are more adapted to the changing economy. the more adapted deserve support from the government.
189
boss tweed
city and state corruption. runs nyc with tammany hall as if he is mayor through rigged elections and bribes. revealed that he is behind corruption but nothing can be done because he is bribing so many people. attorney general not being bribed puts him in jail. organized the needs of everyone in the community, effectively indebting them and making them vote for him. also stole millions from taxpayers. overall he was good for them and it was a beneficial relationship for both.
190
bloody shirt
politicians used the civil war to campaign and support their case.
191
credit moblier
national corruption. executives in railroad were meant to build a large section of the transcontinental railroad with money from the gov but they just take the money. bribed a ton of money, even the vp.
192
pendelton act
ends spoils system partly. what you know, not who you know.
193
resumption act of 1875
get money printed in civil war out of circulation because it is not backed. panic of 1873 led to this.
194
sherman silver purchase act of 1890
allowed for silver backed dollars.
195
panic and depression of 1893
one of the longest and worst depressions. 20-25% unemployment, harsh winters.
196
jp morgan
bails the gov out of debt twice. also buys carnagie steel, making it US steel, the number one steel produce for many years.
197
robberbarons
negative view of monopolists, willing to do anything it takes to make money.
198
captains of industry
positive view of monopolists, changing the economy for good by taking risks.
199
interstate commerce commission (icc)
made railroad rates reasonable and fair and created a federal commission to oversee this. created to regulate commercial activity because businessmen had too much power. first federal regulatory board like this.
200
bessemer process
creates steel (better than iron as it is harder). removes iron impurities and makes it stronger.
201
sherman anit-trust act
keep competition alive and reduce monopolies. ineffective because businessmen can fight it with money and courts are siding with business.
202
national labor union
bring together all workers for political reform. both skilled and unskilled workers.
203
knights of labor
focused on work day length and shutting down child labor and monopolies. wanted 8 8 8. included blacks and women. don't like strike because they think they are barbarous, laborers do it anyway. a riot turns the country against them and they end.
204
american federation of labor (afl)
focus on skilled labor to start. focus on resasonable goals like increasing wages and improving workplace safety. led by samuel gompers.
205
great railroad strike
railroad companies cut wages for the second time in one year. began on the east coast, then spread city to city. troops went from city to city to shut it down, not in favor of the laborers. it did kill 100 people, making employers hear them out and change.
206
haymarket square riot
tractor factory cut wages so workers protested, police were called for safety, bomb was thrown and strikers were blamed.
207
homestead strike
talk of union for steel, manager locks them out because he doesn't want unions, police called as laborers began to attack. strikers beat police, national guard is called and stops it.
208
pullman strike
railroad cars. result of the panic of 1893, wages are cut but the rent for the company town was not lowered. led by eugene v debbs. rail traffic stops for US mail so the gov steps in and arrests debs and others for tampering with US mail.
209
jacob riis
studies the poor in the cities as a journalist. writes 'how the other half lives.'
210
white flight
white middle class move to suburbs because they have the money to, leaves people of color in the center city.
211
salvation army
want to help the immigrants by telling them how to live their lives.
212
jane addams
made settlement houses that truly helped immigrants like hull house. helped them assimilate to America so they could have more opportunities. eventually also creates legislation that fights poverty.
213
Cult of domesticity
Women's job is todisplay their husband's wealth in their inviting home.
214
Catherine Beecher
Writes 'the American woman's home" teaching women now to be proper.
215
Victorian styles
Expensive clothing that shows off superiority.
216
Era of consumption
buying simply because you want to.
217
Mark Twain
Modernizes literature through “huckleberry finn” which deals with real, timely issues like racism.
218
The octopus
Modernized literature that focused on the harsh realities of railroads.
219
modernizing harvard
"veritas" becomes their motto, meaning truth. separates from church and allows for more choice and diversity instead of all taking the same class.
220
pragmatism
american philosiphy that truth is relative.
221
wounded knee
natives discuss what to do about all this persecution but the gov thinks they are forming a war party so they shoot and kill over 600 of them. ended the indian wars as most great plain indians moved to reservations.
222
carlisle indian school
take indian children off the reservations and teach them how to be "american." hopes that they will assimilate into culture.
223
grandfather law
in the south to prevent blacks from voting. if your grandfather voted in the 1860 election, you can vote.
224
plessy v. ferguson
separate facilities for white and black are legal as long as they are equal. no one enforces equality.
225
tuskegee institute
founded by booker t washington. advocates for the education of african americans.
226
confrontation vs accomodation
accommodation is working within the system to make change, slow but legal, advocated for and used by washington. confrontation is pushing against the system, quicker but often illegal, advocated for and used by dubois.
227
chinese exclusion act of 1882
many chinese immigrants come for gold rush and transcontinental railroad for labor. their labor is appreciated until these things are over and chinese immigration is banned for a long time. came because they were blamed for the panic of 1873.
228
las goras blancas
many mexicans are now in the US after mexican american war. las goras blancas fight back against the land grabs and mistreatment against them by whites.
229
why did mckinley win the election of 1896?
ran on high tariffs and gold standard but won because he was supported by big business, therefore having a lot of campaign money.
230
thorstein
wrote “the theory of the leisure class” which analyzed the damage upper classes caused by buying unnecessary things instead of contributing money to help society.
231
17th ammendment
direct election of senators.
232
18th ammendment
prohibition. prevents making and selling of alcohol.
233
19th amendment
women’s suffrage. success because many reformers are women.
234
w.e.b. dubois
pushes back against accommodation and fights for activism. cofounded the naacp for activism against racism because accommodation is not working.
235
changes from industrialization (2nd industrial revolution)
prior, americans made things to use themselves or to sell locally. after, americans mass produced to sell everywhere.
236
social gospel
Apply Christian values to right wrongs in society. Many Protestants fought for justice for the poor and encouraged the middle class to contribute to solving urban problems as Christians.
237
john d rockefeller
owned standard oil and made many immoral business practices that forced his competitors to sell their businesses. used horizontal integration and eventually owned 90% of the oil industry.
238
andrew carnegie
shrewd businessman that grew his company until it dominated the steel industry through vertical integration.
239
conspicuous consumption
wealthy people felt the need to buy things to display their wealth.
240
exoduster movement
migration of southern blacks to the west. persecution in the south from lack of protection so they sought accommodation elsewhere. colored relief board and kansas freedman’s society help them.
241
american protective association
nativist group. resistance against catholics because irish immigrants were usually catholics.
242
immigration to the west
mainly asian immigrants, especially chinese.
243
Pheobe apperson hurst
millionaire, philanthropist, women's suffrage leader. gave money to schools so lower class children could be educated the same as upper class.
244
national american women’s suffrage association
elizabeth cady stanton and susan b anthony founded to fight for the right of women to vote.
245
women's christian temperance union
many members protesting the drinking of alcohol.
246
Carrie nation
radical for temperance. destroyed liquor barrels and wasn't touched because she was a woman.
247
Dems in the Gilded age
mainly southern, supported state's rights and racial segregation, voted for by big city politicians and immigrants.
248
reps in the Gilded age
mainly north, mostly industrial, voted for by blacks, middle class, business men, and protestants.
249
gold vs silver
gov liked gold backed dollars because they prevented inflation, but farmers and laborers wanted silver backed to have more money in circulation and to pay debts with inflated dollars.
250
Indian Appropriation Act
ended federal recognition of Indian nations’ sovereignty, effectively nullifying previous treaties made. Led to another war that the Americans won.
251
Ghost Dance Movement
National act of resistance against encroachment on Native land. Believed this ritual would make their ancestors return and drive whites from their land.
252
Assimilationist Movement
Attempt to end Native culture by forcing them to pick up American culture.
253
Dawes Act
Broke up tribal organization because the government believed it was what kept them from giving into American culture. Divided lands into plots and said they could have citizenship if they lived there and Americanized themselves.
254
National Grange Movement
1868. Started as social and educational to bring farmers together, but quickly became political, using its large numbers to protect farmers against trusts and railroad exploitation.
255
Gospel of Wealth
By Andrew Carnagie. Those with health had the God given duty to invest back into society through philanthropy.
256
Ida B Wells
editor of a newspaper and she opinionated against lynchings and Jim Crow. Life was threatened and work destroyed, then moved North and continued writing.
257
Henry Turner
started the International Migration Society to help Blacks migrate to Africa.
258
Booker T Washington
a previous slave who gained a good education and became economically self-sustained. He encouraged other Blacks to do the same as politics were out of their hands and being economically powerful would have the same effect.
259
fredrick Jackson turner
wrote about the american west. previously always had the wild west which other countries did not have.
260
Alfred mahan
wrote a book in 1890 declaring that any country that wanted global influence needed a strong navy.
261
pan American conference
1890. previously US said they were leaders of the west (Monroe doctrine), but here they display it. countries of the western hemisphere met to discuss and solve issues and the US took a leadership role.
262
venezuela crisis
gold found and Britain wants it so the US enforces the Monroe doctrine. they tell Britain that if they take that land, they will start war and Britain doesn't take it.
263
Spanish American War
Cuban people want independence from Spain, the US is flattered and wants to help. After Yellow Journalism and the USS Maine explodes, the American people support a war and the US surprise attacks the Philippines. Quick, decisive, low casualties. Spain loses the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Cuba. They were giving to the US.
264
Open Door Policy
By John Hay. Saw the opportunities for US economic influence in China going away as Europe established spheres of influence (exclusive trading rights in certain areas). Hay asked these powers to allow an “open door” of trading privileges. US is always allowed to trade with China.
265
Boxer Rebellion
Chinese nationalists want US and European influence out. US says they'll help put the rebellion down and they do, creating the Open Door Policy.
266
Platt Amendment
With Cuba, they may not have negotiations without the US and the US can invade if things are out of control.
267
Panama Canal
Began but was never finished, TR wants to finish so they can get to Asia faster. He offers Colombia a ton of money to finish it which they decline, so they encourage Panama to declare independence, which they do. Columbia then agrees quickly.
268
Roosevelt Corollary
TR wants more proactive instead of reactive (Monroe Doctrine). If a nation looks like they could start war in Latin America, US would intervene.
269
Gentlemen's Agreement
We will treat Japanese immigrants better if you stop sending them. Japan stops but the US doesn't.
270
Pancho Villa
Want to become president by making US and Mexico fight. Crosses the border and kills citizens in hopes to make Wilson declare war. Wilson sends tons of troops but they can;t find him.
271
Zimmerman telegram
Germany tells Mexico when Germany wins against the US they will get their land back. Threat on US land.
272
Liberty Loans
WWI. Patriotic War bonds. Raises money for the war.
273
Committee on Public Info
Propaganda to get people to voluntarily do things to help, no force.
274
Schenck vs. US
Sedition Act established, brought to court because of freedom of speech, upheld to improve security.
275
Selective Service Act
WWI. First peacetime draft. Attracts and trains many people for the army. Not well trained.
276
War Industries Board
WWI. Oversees all boards helping with war. Very powerful, can tell factories what, how much, and by when to produce. Make sure there is limited waste, taking stuff out of consumer products (like medal in corsets).
277
Food Administration
WWI. Tasked to feed our army and all our allies' armies. Herbert Hoover is the head, encouraging people to give up food instead of rationing.
278
Smoot-Hawley Tariff
Raises taxes on imports to 60%. By President Herbert Hoover
279
First Red Scare
European anarchists and communists are infiltrating. Palmer Raids attempt to get rid of these ideas.
280
National Origins Act
Quota system that limits the amount of immigrants from certain areas. 2% of the amount there at 1890 (targeting new). Officially excludes all Asian immigration. No limits on western hemisphere immigration and Mexican Immigration increases.
281
Sacco and Vanzetti
Accused of robbing and shooting two employees. They looked Italian and they had guns so they were arrested, found guilty, and executed. Likely because they were immigrants and anarchists.
282
Scopes Monkey Trial
Law in TN that you could only teach creationism and not evolution. This teacher does it anyway and is put on trial.
283
Flappers
Women going against what traditional women do in public.
284
F Scott Fitzgerald
the Great Gatsby ecompasses the 1920s
285
Ernest Hemingway
a Farewell to Arms tells how WWI affected veterans
286
Langston Hughes
writes about celebrating African American culture and highlights how they are treated.
287
Zora Neale Hurston
writes about the experiences of African American women.
288
Federal Farm Board
Helped stabilize crop prices and promote the sale of agricultural products during the GD.
289
Black Thursday
October 24, 1929. Stocks sold at huge numbers for low prices as people started to panic.
290
Black Tuesday
October 29, 1929. Even more shares of stocks sold, prices continue to drop.
291
Reconstruction Finance Corporation
a US government agency established in 1932 to provide financial support to businesses, banks, and other institutions during the Great Depression and World War II. It was a key component of President Herbert Hoover's and later, President Franklin D. Roosevelt's, efforts to combat the economic crisis.
292
Bonus Army
WWI veterans were promised they would eventually get pensions but they wanted them now. Turned away and some stay there, making a very bad image because veterans are living on the streets asking for help. MacArthur is asked to make them leave but he uses crazy military equipment and Hoover is blamed.
293
Federal Deposit and Insurance Corps (FDIC)
Closes every bank in the US for 4 days so inspectors can see the quality of the bank -- closed if unstable or worked with it to make it stable. Also put insurance on bank deposits.
294
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)
Jobs for young men -- work in the environment in the west.
295
Federal Energy Relief Act (FERA)
Money to create jobs for people in the cities that couldn't move west. Original money was for creating jobs, but there were too many people and too little jobs so it became handouts.
296
Security and Exchange Commision (SEC)
Regulate and oversee stocks, first time government regulated the stock market.
297
National Recovery Admin
Ensuring business has the tools necessary to be successful. Creates codes businesses need to follow, which they agreed to follow because they wanted to recover. Unconstitutional because the codes were basically law.
298
Agriculture Adjustment Act
Regulation on what crops farmers can plant. Helps the farmers. Unconstitutional because it taxed processors to help farmers.
299
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)
Most people there were poor, small farmers. Farms often flooded by the river. Create a hydroelectric dam that stops flooding and provides electricity. Hated by some because it could seem socialist.
300
Supreme Court Packing
Every justice over 70 could have a younger apprentice to help them get through cases. FDR would get to appoint them and the current conservative judges were older. Does not pass.
301
American Liberty Leauge
Right. Believe America is straying away from capitalism and FDR is going too far.
302
Share the Wealth Program
Huey Long. Every American could earn $1,000,000 with normal tax, but higher would be 100% tax so every American could make at least 2,000. Assassinated before it went anywhere. Thought FDR wasn't doing enough for the poor.
303
Townsend
Concerned for elderly, no legislation to help them. Eventually leads to SS.
304
Wagner Act
Guaranteed workers the right to form unions and engage in collective bargaining.
Prohibited unfair labor practices by employers (like firing union organizers).
305
Keynesian Economics
Government going into debt to stimulate the economy.
306
Roosevelt Recession
Economy takes a downturn, proving it was not recovered.
307
Kellogg-Briand Pact
Outlaws offensive war, but allows defensive. European armies build strength and put armies on borders. US doesn't.
308
London Econ Conference
Fixing world issues. The US doesn't go because of isolationism and their own issues at home. Under FDR.
309
Good Neighbor Policy
Let Latin America handle their own issues in contrast to the Bad Neighbor Policy. Under FDR.
310
Neutrality Acts
When the President declares war, these acts go into effect. No giving weapons or loans, Americans cannot go onto those nations ships.
311
Cash and Carry
The first to adapt Neutrality Laws (issues realized) said we could sell weapons but only if other countries transported and paid cash.
312
Lend Lease
Give resources to other nations if they give them back.
313
Atlantic Charter
FDR meets Prime Minister of Britain, pledges to be on their side.
314
War Powers Act of 1942
Gives the president more power than ever before. Helped the government organize the crazy spending going on.
315
Joint Chiefs of Staff
All branches of military coordinating with each other to effectively fight the war in two different areas. Beginnings of the CIA created along with the Office of Scientific Research and Development, which funded research and eventually made the atomic bomb.
316
Office of Price Administration
Check inflation of consumer goods as supplies become limited. Also ensure rationing is being followed. WWII.
317
Double V campaign
Victory abroad and victory at home.
318
Navaho Windtalkers
Famous Native code talker group that used their Native language to send messages.
319
Braceros
Encourages Mexicans to come farm fields. Become exploited with leads to an eventual Civil Rights movement.
320
Zoot Suit Riots
Americans saw these Mexicans as draft dodging hooligans. Soldiers on leave attacked Mexican-Americans wearing zoot suits. Police came and arrested the Mexicans.
321
EO 9066
Allowed the government to relocate many Japanese Americans to Internment Camps as they were hated and suspicious of possibly being spies. Confiscated their land and put children in these camps.
322
Korematsu v. US
Fred Korematsu refused and took it to the Supreme Court (Korematsu v. US). Decided that it was Constitutional because it was necessary during war because of the danger of espionage and sabotage. Later realized it was a mistake.
323
The Fourteen Points
After WWI ended, Wilson wanted a peaceful world, so he made the Fourteen Points. This included freedom of seas, self-determination of nations, and League of Nations (no war). Got Spanish Flu so Britain and France got what they wanted (vengeance against Germany).
324
Shank vs US
Shank spoke out against and refused the draft so he was arrested but repealed this which made it to the SC. SC said that when free speech was dangerous it could be silenced.
325
The Emergency Quota Act
established the nation's first numerical limits on the number of immigrants who could enter the United States.
326
Great Migration
Huge amounts of Southern Blacks migrated to urban areas of the north. Wanted to escape suppression of the South where they were treated as second-class citizens. Jim Crow Laws were the tipping point, but they were also looking for jobs (less immigrants). Still experience discrimination, but it wasn’t built into the legal structures. Second wave of the Exoduster Movement.
327
Tulsa Race Riots/Massacre
White woman claimed a Black shoe shiner assaulted her. A white mob formed to attack the man, but an opposing group of Black people fought back. A lot of property was destroyed and 300 Blacks were killed. Also made a lot of people homeless.
328
Scientific Management
Frederick Taylor analyzed factories and recommended how to make it faster. Crucial in making the assembly line efficient.
329
jacob riis
studies the poor in the cities as a journalist. writes 'how the other half lives.'
330
farmer's alliance system
farmers organized themselves into groups to advocate for their economic interests, primarily fighting against high railroad rates, low crop prices, and the dominance of large corporations. eventually led to the formation of the populist party.
331
omaha platform
populist party's. fights for laborers, usually whites. wanted direct election of senators, silver backed dollars, graduated income tax, and an 8 hour work day.
332
william jennings bryan
runs for president with populist values in the election of 1896.
333
why did mckinley win the election of 1896?
ran on high tariffs and gold standard but won because he was supported by big business, therefore having a lot of campaign money.
334
dingley tariff
passed by mckinley, made the tariff the highest they had ever been, again favoring industrial workers over farmers.
335
progressive era
many issues building throughout the gilded age, progressive era comes about to end laissez faire.
336
populists vs progressives
populists sometimes challenge capitalism, progressives encouraged more democracy. populists use sympathy, progressives use facts.
337
thorstein
wrote “the theory of the leisure class” which analyzed the damage upper classes caused by buying unnecessary things instead of contributing money to help society.
338
lincoln steffens
muckraker who wrote “the shame of cities” which revealed what was happening in one specific city (st. louis) and the actions of political bosses.
339
ida tarbell
wrote “the history of standard oil” revealing rockefellers practices and what he did to get power.
340
upton sinclair
wrote the fiction story “the jungle” to inform people how migrants were treated. also revealed bad facts about the meat industry.
341
initiative
people are able to propose laws.
342
referendum
people can vote on certain laws.
343
recall
people are able to vote to kick someone out of office early.
344
17th ammendment
direct election of senators.
345
triangle shirtwaist fire
management locked workers into the shirtwaist factory from the outside so they couldn’t leave when a fire started and 146 women died.
346
18th ammendment
prohibition. prevents making and selling of alcohol.
347
19th amendment
women’s suffrage. success because many reformers are women.
348
w.e.b. dubois
pushes back against accommodation and fights for activism. cofounded the naacp for activism against racism because accommodation is not working.
349
changes from industrialization (2nd industrial revolution)
prior, americans made things to use themselves or to sell locally. after, americans mass produced to sell everywhere.
350
the 3 c’s (square deal)
theodore roosevelts plan and actions as president that effectively improved the health and safety for the economy, the environment, and people.
351
corporation control (the 3 c’s)
control monopolies and protect employees. supports labor unions. in 1903, there was the anthracite coal mine strike right before winter (when people needed coal). business asks tr for help but he says they must negotiate or he will send troops to take over the mines. also does trust busting, splitting monopolies into good and bad, mostly going after railroads.
352
Phoebe apperson hurst
millionaire, philanthropist, women's suffrage leader. gave money to schools so lower class children could be educated the same as upper class.
353
national american women’s suffrage association
elizabeth cady stanton and susan b anthony founded to fight for the right of women to vote.
354
consumer protection (the 3 c’s)
makes the pure food and drug act and meat inspection act.
355
pure food and drug act
paves the way for the FDA. ensures things being marketed as something is actually that. the label is what it is.
356
conservation (the 3 c’s)
protects the environment by regulating what is put into it.
357
panic of 1907
people think it was caused by TR's trustbusting, actually because there's no national bank. there is regional failure of banks so people get worries and take out their money leading to widespread panic. jp morgan bails out the gov again.
358
underwood tariff
by wilson. lowers the tariff by 15% in the first time in a long time. helped by the 16th amendment (income tax).
359
federal reserve act
by wilson. establishes the national bank again. helps with national panic.
360
clayton antitrust act
busts 100 trusts, prevents labor unions from being seen as monopolies.
361
Josiah Strong
Wrote a book arguing that whites were the original humans and were the fittest to survive. Added that it was the Christian duty to spread Christianity and Western civilization to backwards lands.
362
Secret Ballot
No one can see how you’re voting (no pressure, especially from political bosses).
363
Niagara movement
Led by Dubois, Black intellectuals organized actions and protests to secure rights.
364
Forest Reserve Act
Allowed for the protection of forests and watersheds, as well as ensuring a continuous supply of timber.
365
Espionage Act and Sedition Acts of 1917 and 1918
suppress dissent and anti-war sentiment. The Espionage Act criminalized obstructing recruitment, encouraging mutiny, and aiding the enemy by spreading false information. The Sedition Act expanded this to prohibit disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language about the government, flag, or military, and those who violated it faced imprisonment.
Here's a more detailed look:
Espionage Act of 1917:
This law aimed to prevent espionage and protect the war effort by making it a crime to interfere with military recruitment, incite mutiny, or spread false information. It also gave the Postmaster General the power to seize mail deemed to contain such information.
Sedition Act of 1918:
Passed as amendments to the Espionage Act, this law broadened the scope of the original legislation by criminalizing any language that was "disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive" about the US government, flag, or armed forces.
366
Treaty of Versailles
a peace treaty that formally ended World War I between Germany and the Allied Powers. It imposed harsh terms on Germany. Not signed because of the League of Nations.
367
Glass Steagall Act
increased regulations on banks and limited the ways they could use people’s money.
