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Ortho > Ind Seminar 2.0 > Flashcards

Ind Seminar 2.0 Flashcards

(51 cards)

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1
Q

What is the highest risk surgery for VTE?

A

Total knee replacement (TKR)

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2
Q

What does the Virchow triad consist of?

A

Stasis, Hypercoagulability, Endothelial injury

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3
Q

Classic signs of DVT?

A

Unilateral calf swelling, erythema, tenderness, pain on passive dorsiflexion

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4
Q

What score is used to assess DVT probability?

A

Well’s score

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5
Q

What investigation excludes VTE?

A

D-dimer test

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6
Q

What imaging confirms DVT?

A

Compression ultrasound or contrast venography

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7
Q

Initial treatment of DVT?

A

Heparin followed by oral anticoagulant

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8
Q

Monitoring frequency for heparin therapy?

A

Every 12 hours with coagulation profile

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9
Q

Target INR for warfarin therapy?

A

2-3

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10
Q

Clexane is contraindicated in?

A

Haram source (pig-derived)

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11
Q

Alternative to clexane?

A

Arixtra (fondaparinux)

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12
Q

Antidote for LMWH?

A

Protamine sulphate

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13
Q

How many stages are there in secondary fracture healing?

A

Five

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14
Q

First stage of secondary bone healing?

A

Haematoma formation

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15
Q

Second stage of bone healing?

A

Inflammation

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16
Q

Third stage of bone healing?

A

Soft callus formation

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17
Q

Fourth stage of bone healing?

A

Hard callus formation

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18
Q

Final stage of bone healing?

A

Remodelling

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19
Q

Main cytokines in bone healing?

A

BMP, IL-1, IL-6

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20
Q

Delayed union timeline for lower limb?

A

More than 12 weeks, up to 24 weeks

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21
Q

Non-union timeline?

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A

More than 6 months without healing

22
Q

Radiographic sign of delayed union?

Study These Flashcards
A

Visible fracture line with incomplete callus

23
Q

Definition of malunion?

Study These Flashcards
A

Fracture heals in an unacceptable angulation

24
Q

Causes of malunion?

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A

Failure to reduce or hold reduction, collapse of bone

25
Treatment for significant malunion?
Re-manipulation or osteotomy
26
Types of non-union?
Hypertrophic and atrophic
27
Characteristic of hypertrophic non-union?
Abundant callus, no bridging
28
Characteristic of atrophic non-union?
Sclerotic bone ends, no callus
29
Preferred treatment for atrophic non-union?
Cut to bleeding bone, bone graft if needed
30
Bone blood supply proportion?
2/3 intramedullary, 1/3 periosteal
31
Gold standard site for autograft?
Iliac crest
32
Osteogenic property implies?
Direct bone-producing cells present
33
Osteoinductive materials?
Stimulate mesenchymal differentiation
34
Osteoconductive materials?
Provide scaffold for bone growth
35
Main synthetic bone graft materials?
Calcium phosphate, hydroxyapatite, calcium sulfate
36
Complication of excessive iliac grafting?
Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve injury
37
What does the Finkelstein test diagnose?
De Quervain's tenosynovitis
38
Affected tendons in De Quervain’s?
APL and EPB
39
Management of trigger finger Grade III/IV?
Surgical release of A1 pulley
40
Commonly affected fingers in trigger finger?
Thumb, ring, middle
41
Most common location for ganglion cyst?
Dorsal wrist
42
Clinical sign for ganglion cyst?
Transillumination
43
Hallux valgus deformity description?
Lateral deviation of hallux with medial bunion
44
Angle suggesting hallux valgus surgery?
More than 30°
45
Plantar fasciitis main symptom?
Sharp heel pain, worse in morning
46
Imaging for plantar fasciitis?
Lateral foot X-ray showing heel spur
47
Haglund's disease common cause?
High heels with rigid back
48
Management of Haglund’s?
Shoe modification, NSAIDs, surgery if needed
49
Common cause of ingrown toenail?
Improper nail trimming, tight shoes
50
Operative method for ingrown nail?
Partial nail excision and matrix ablation
51
Radiological appearance of giant cell tumor?
'Soap bubble' appearance

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