Others Individual Seminar

Question 1

What is the principle of closed manipulative reduction (CMR)?

Answer 1

Traction-countertraction, immobilize above and below, post-reduction X-ray.

Question 2

What is ligamentotaxis in CMR?

Answer 2

Fracture fragments aligned by tension from surrounding soft tissues.

Question 3

Post-CMR care for shoulder includes?

Answer 3

Arm sling for 2 weeks.

Question 4

Which maneuver is used for shoulder CMR anterior dislocation?

Answer 4

Hyppocrates, Milch, Stimson, Kocher’s techniques.

Question 5

Which maneuver is used for hip posterior dislocation CMR?

Answer 5

Allis, Bigelow, Rochester, Captain Morgan, Stimson gravity.

Question 6

What is fat embolism syndrome?

Answer 6

Fat globules in lung/pulmonary circulation post long bone fracture.

Question 7

Mechanical theory of fat embolism involves?

Answer 7

Fat droplets from bone marrow entering venous system, lodging in lungs or brain.

Question 8

Biochemical theory of fat embolism involves?

Answer 8

Systemic release of FFAs causing inflammation.

Question 9

Criteria to diagnose FES?

Answer 9

Gurd and Wilson criteria: 2 major + 2 minor or 1 major + 4 minor.

Question 10

Major criteria in FES?

Answer 10

Respiratory insufficiency, cerebral signs, petechial rash.

Question 11

Minor criteria in FES?

Answer 11

Tachycardia, fever, jaundice, retinal/fat signs, renal issues, lab changes.

Question 12

What is compartment syndrome?

Answer 12

Increased pressure in osteofascial compartment causing ischemia.

Question 13

Early sign of compartment syndrome?

Answer 13

Severe pain disproportionate to injury.

Question 14

Late signs of compartment syndrome?

Answer 14

5 Ps: pallor, pulselessness, paralysis, paresthesia, poikilothermia.

Question 15

How is compartment syndrome treated?

Answer 15

Emergency fasciotomy.

Question 16

Delta pressure indicating fasciotomy?

Answer 16

< 30 mmHg.

Question 17

What is spinal shock?

Answer 17

Temporary loss of spinal cord function below injury.

Question 18

Signs of spinal shock?

Answer 18

Flaccid paralysis, absent reflexes, hypotension, bradycardia.

Question 19

What is neurogenic shock?

Answer 19

Loss of sympathetic tone due to autonomic disruption.

Question 20

How to manage neurogenic shock?

Answer 20

IV fluids, vasopressors like phenylephrine.

Question 21

What is pressure ulcer?

Answer 21

Localized skin/tissue damage over bony prominence.

Question 22

Intrinsic risk factors of pressure ulcer?

Answer 22

Age, DM, immobility, malnutrition.

Question 23

Extrinsic risk factors of pressure ulcer?

Answer 23

Pressure, friction, moisture.

Question 24

Stages of pressure ulcer treatment?

Answer 24

Repositioning, special mattress, wound care.

Question 25

What is amputation?

Answer 25

Removal of limb part through bone.

Question 26

What is disarticulation?

Answer 26

Amputation through a joint.

Question 27

Indications for amputation?

Answer 27

Dead limb, dangerous pathology, functionally useless limb. (Dead, dangerous, damned nuisance)

Question 28

Types of UL amputation?

Answer 28

Forequarter, shoulder disarticulation, trans-humeral, trans-radial.

Question 29

Types of LL amputation?

Answer 29

Hemipelvectomy, hip disarticulation, AKA, BKA, Syme, Chopart.

Question 30

Early complication of amputation?

Answer 30

Infection, bleeding, gas gangrene, skin flap breakdown

Question 31

Late complication of amputation?

Answer 31

Stump ulcer, phantom pain, painful neuroma

Question 32

What is prosthesis?

Answer 32

Artificial device replacing missing body part.

Question 33

Key components of prosthesis?

Answer 33

Suspension, socket, liner, pylon, foot/ankle unit.

Question 34

Type of ankle braces?

Answer 34

Functional (semirigid/soft), rigid.

Question 35

Elbow brace indication?

Answer 35

Tennis/golfer’s elbow.

Question 36

Knee brace function?

Answer 36

Unloader, anterior pain brace, functional brace.

Question 37

What is dry needling?

Answer 37

Insertion of needle into muscle trigger points without medication.

Question 38

Indications for dry needling?

Answer 38

Palpable muscle band, trigger point tenderness.

Question 39

Contraindications to dry needling?

Answer 39

Bleeding disorders, pregnancy, needle phobia.

Question 40

What is TENS?

Answer 40

Low-voltage electric stimulation for pain relief.

Question 41

What theory supports TENS?

Answer 41

Blocks pain signal, increases endorphin release.

Question 42

Walking aid function?

Answer 42

Improve gait, balance, reduce weight-bearing.

Question 43

Type of crutches?

Answer 43

Axillary, forearm.

Question 44

Purpose of ROHO cushion?

Answer 44

Prevent pressure ulcers by distributing weight.

Question 45

Function of ripple mattress?

Answer 45

Alternates pressure to prevent pressure ulcers.

Question 46

What is DVT?

Answer 46

Deep vein thrombosis, clot in deep veins.

Question 47

Risk factors for DVT?

Answer 47

THR, TKR, hip fracture.

Question 48

Virchow’s triad in DVT?

Answer 48

Stasis, hypercoagulability, endothelial injury.

Question 49

DVT management?

Answer 49

Mechanical: ambulation, TED stocking, intermittent pneumatic device, foot impulse device Pharmaco: wafarin + LMWH (Heparin/Clexane) Antidote for LMWH: Protamine sulphate

Question 50

Stages of bone healing?

Answer 50

Hematoma, inflammation, soft callus, hard callus, remodelling.

Question 51

Delayed union definition?

Answer 51

No union by 6 weeks UL, 12 weeks LL but potential for healing.

Question 52

Non-union types?

Answer 52

Hypertrophic, atrophic, pseudoarthrosis.

Question 53

Stage of pressure ulcer. What grading system, describe each stage

Answer 53

National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel (NPUAP) Stage 1: intact skin w non blanchable redness Stage 2: partial thickness loss of dermis Stage 3: full thickness tissue loss Stage 4: 3 + exposed bone, tendon or muscle Unstageable: base is covered with slough and/or eschar Suspected deep tissue injury: purple/marroon localized area or blood-filled blister

Question 54

K-level for prosthesis

Answer 54

Level 1-4