Integumentary system Flashcards by Chloe Unknown

cutaneous membrane

skin

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Regulates body temperature.
Stores blood.
Protects body from external environment.
Detects cutaneous sensations.
Excretes and absorbs substances.
Synthesizes vitamin D.

Skin

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Two main parts of integumentary system

Epidermis
Dermis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

surface epithelial layer

Epidermis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

deeper connective tissue layer

Dermis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

lies deep to dermis; is not part of the skin

Subcutaneous (subQ) layer or hypodermis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

nerve endings that are sensitive to pressure.

pacinian (lamellated) corpuscles

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Epidermis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

4 cell types

Keratinocytes
Melanocytes
Langerhans cells
Merkelcells

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

90% of epidermal cells
4-5 layers
Produce keratin
Protectsskin
Waterproofs skin

Keratinocytes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Make up 8% of epidermal cells
Transfer pigment to keratinocytes
Produce melanin

Melanocytes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

a yellow-red or brown-black pigment that contributes to skin color and absorbs damaging ultraviolet (UV) light.

Melanin

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

aka epidermal dendritic cells
Immune response

Langerhans cells

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Consist of tactile disc and neuron
for touch sensation

Merkel cells

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Four Layers (strata)

Stratum basale (stratum germinativum)
Stratum spinosum: 8-10 cell layer
Stratum granulosum makes keratin
Stratum corneum: flattened dead cells

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Includes stem cells; new cells arise here

Stratum basale (stratum germinativum)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

8-10 cell layer
Cells beginning to look flattened
provides both strength and flexibility to the skin

Stratum spinosum

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

makes keratin
Losing cell organelles and nuclei
lipid-rich secretion acts as water sealant

Stratum granulosum

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

flattened dead cells
Cells here consist mostly of keratin.
Cells here are shed and replaced from below.

Stratum corneum

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

-Present only in thick skin areas of fingertips,
palms, and sole
-consists of four to six rows of clear, flat, dead
keratinocytes with large amounts of keratin
-provides an additional level of toughness

Stratum Lucidum

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

transfer of a patch of healthy skin taken from a donor site to cover a wound.

Skin Grafts

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

skin taken from the same individual

Autograft

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

identical twin

Isograft

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

individual’s epidermis are removed, and the keratinocytes
are cultured in the laboratory to produce thin sheets of skin

Autologous skin transplantation -

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

- chronic skin disorder in which keratinocytes divide and move more quickly than normal from the s. basale to the s. corneum. - abnormal keratin, which forms flaky, silvery scales at the skin surface,

Psoriasis

various topical ointments and ultraviolet phototherapy

-second, deeper part of the skin -composed of dense irregular connective tissue containing collagen and elastic fibers

Dermis

thin superficial

papillary region

thick deeper

reticular region

— surfaces of the palms, fingers, soles, and toes have a series of ridges and grooves - part genetically determined and is unique for each individual - basis for identification

Epidermal ridge pattern

dark color

Melanin

yellow to red

Pheomelanin

brown to black

Eumelanin

yellow orange

Carotene

pink-red

Hemoglobin

Depends on blood flow

Hemoglobin in blood

- Precursor of vitamin A - In stratum corneum and adipose layers-

Carotene

- Pheomelanin - yellow to red - Eumelanin - brown to black - Darkness depends on amount of melanin produced. - Provides some protection against UV rays

Melanin

producing cells, synthesize melanin from the amino acid tyrosine in the presence of an enzyme called tyrosinase.

Melanin

Synthesis occurs in an organelle called

Melanosome

increases the enzymatic activity with thus increases melanin production.

Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light

benign localized overgrowth of melanocytes

nevus or a mole

the inherited inability of an individual to produce melanin

Albinism

the partial or complete loss of melanocytes from patches of skin produces irregular white spots.

Vitiligo

skin appear bluish, blood is not picking up an adequate amount of oxygen from the lungs

Cyanotic

yellowish appearance of the skin is due to a buildup of bilirubin

Jaundice

redness of the skin, engorgement of capillaries in the dermis with blood due to skin injury

Erythema

paleness of the skin

Pallor

mucous membranes, nail beds, and skin appear bluish

Cyanotic

usually indicates liver disease

Jaundice

exposure to heat, infection, inflammation, or allergic rxn

Erythema

may occur in conditions such as shock and anemia

Pallor

Accessory Structures

- Hair - Skin glands - Nails

- Found on most skin surfaces - Made of fused keratinized cells - Consists of shaft and root - Surrounded by hair follicle

Hair

bulb which includes growing matrix producing cells

Base

muscle that pulls on hair

Arrector pili

- secrete oily sebum - Connected to hair follicles; keeps hair from drying out

Sebaceous gland

- Eccrine sweat gland - wide distribution- thermoregulation - Apocrine sweat gland - axilla, groin, areolae, beard - Contain other cell material

Sudoriferous (sweat) gland

- Wax combines with sebum to produce cerumen or earwax - waterproofs the canal and prevents bacteria and fungi from entering cells

Ceruminous (wax) gland

wide distribution- thermoregulation

Eccrine sweat gland

axilla, groin, areolae, beard q Contain other cell material

Apocrine sweat gland

Plates of packed hard dead keratinized cells

Nails

part extending past finger or toe

Free edge

major visible portion in nails

Nail body (plate)

portion of the nail that is buried in a fold of skin

root

crescent-shaped area of the proximal end of the nail body

lunula

the homeostatic regulation of body temperature.

Thermoregulation

dermis houses an extensive network of blood vessels that carry 8–10% of the total blood flow in a resting adult.

Blood reservoir

FUNCTIONS OF THE SKIN

Blood reservoir Protection Cutaneous sentations Excretion Absorption Vitamin D synthesis

usually is an indication of impending or actual tissue damage

Pain

include tactile sensations—touch, pressure, vibration, and tickling—as well as thermal sensations such as warmth and coolness

Cutaneous sentations

enables a drug contained within an adhesive skin patch to pass across the epidermis and into the blood vessels of the dermis.

Transdermal (transcutaneous) Drug Administration

angina pectoris (chest pain)

Nitroglycerin

Motion sickness

scopolamine

estrogen-replacement during menopause

estradiol

ethinyl estradiol and norelgestromin

contraceptive

smoking cessation

nicotine

relieve severe pain in cancer patients

fentanyl

a hormone that aids in the absorption of calcium from foods in the GIT into the blood.

Calcitriol

three common forms of skin cancer

Basal cell carcinomas Squamous cell carcinomas Malignant melanomas

- 78% of all skin cancers - tumors arise from cells in the stratum basale and rarely metastasize.

Basal cell carcinomas

- 20% of all skin cancers, arise from the stratum spinosum, and have a variable tendency to metastasize

Squamous cell carcinomas

- arise from melanocytes and account for about 2% of all skin cancers. - metastasize rapidly and can kill a person within months of diagnosis

Malignant melanomas

Early warning signs of malignant melanoma

A (asymmetry) B (border) C (color) D (diameter) E (evolving)

irregular shapes, two very different looking halves.

A (asymmetry)

irregular notched, indented, scalloped, or indistinct—borders.

B(border)

- uneven coloration, contain several colors

C (color)

about the size of a pencil eraser

D(diameter)

change in size, shape, and color

E (evolving)

can be cured by surgical excision in 99% of the cases

Basal cell carcinoma

Prognosis is good if treated by radiation therapy or removed surgically

Squamous cell CA

- Resistant to chemotherapy - Treated by wide surgical excision accompanied by immunotherapy -Chance of survival is poor if the lesion is over 4 mm thick

Malignant melanoma

tissue damage caused by excessive heat, electricity, radioactivity, or corrosive chemicals that denature (break down) proteins in the skin.

Burns

– only the epidermis is damaged - Symptoms include localized redness, swelling, and pain, no blister

First-degree

– epidermis and upper regions of dermis are damaged - redness, blister formation, edema, and pain result

Second-degree

– entire thickness of the skin is damaged, burned area appears gray-white, mahogany, or black; - Most skin functions are lost, marked edema, and the burned region is numb because sensory nerve endings have been destroyed.

Third-degree

Burns considered critical if:

- Over 25% of the body has second-degree burns, — Over 10% of the body has third-degree burns - There are third-degree burns on face, hands, or feet - When the burn area exceeds 70%, more than half the victims die.

A quick means for estimating the SA affected by a burn

Rule of Nine