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HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY > Tissue level of Organization > Flashcards

Tissue level of Organization Flashcards

1
Q

Groups of cells with common embryonic origin and functions

A

Tissues

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2
Q

is the science that deals with the
study of tissues

A

Histology

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3
Q

4 basic types of tissue

A

Epithelial
Connective
Muscular
Nervous

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4
Q

Cells lie close together in continuous sheets with little extracellular material

A

Epithelial Tissue

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5
Q
  • Cover surfaces and line cavities; always a free (apical) surface
  • Forms glands
A

Epithelial Tissue

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6
Q
  • Has no blood vessels (is avascular)
  • Has a nerve supply
  • Has a high capacity for cell division
A

Epithelial Tissue

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7
Q

Arrangement of cells in layers

A

Simple epithelium: 1 layer of cells
Stratified Epithelium: more than 1 layer of cells

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8
Q

more than 1 layer of cells

A

Stratified Epithelium

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9
Q

1 layer of cells

A

Simple epithelium

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10
Q

Cell Shapes

A

Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar
Transitional (change shape)

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11
Q
  • Important for filtration (kidneys) or diffusion (lungs, capillaries)
  • Called endothelium when lining heart, blood and lymphatic vessels
  • Called mesothelium when in serous membranes
A

Simple Epithelium

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12
Q

single layer of flat cells

A

Simple Squamous Epithelium

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13
Q
  • Single layer of cube-shaped cells; round, centrally located nucleus.
  • Covers surface of ovary; anterior surface of lens of the eye; forms pigmented epithelium at posterior surface of retina of the eye, lines kidney tubules and smaller ducts of many glands; secreting portion of some glands
  • Function: Secretion and absorption.
A

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

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14
Q

Cube-shaped cells, rounded nuclei

A

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

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15
Q

Noncilated

A

Simple Columnar Epithelium

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16
Q

Cilated

A

Simple Columnar Epithelium

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17
Q

Appears stratified; nuclei at various levels

A

Pseudostratified Columnar

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18
Q
  • Apical layer cells are flat
  • Deep layers vary from cuboidal to columnar
  • Cells in the basal layer divide and move upward toward apical surface
  • Found in areas of surface wear and tear
A

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

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19
Q

develops tough layer of keratin in apical layer

A

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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20
Q

does not contain large amounts of keratin, constantly moistened by mucus

A

Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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21
Q

Keratinized (dead) surface cells

A

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

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22
Q

Rare

A

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

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23
Q

Variable in appearance; cells can stretch

A

Transitional Epithelium

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24
Q

Main function is secretion

A

Glandular Epithelium

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25
Q

may consist of a single cell or a group of cells that secrete substances into ducts (tubes), onto a surface, or into the blood.

A

Gland

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26
Q

Glands classification

A

Endocrine
Exocrine

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27
Q

hormones

A

Endocrine

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28
Q

secrete products into ducts that empty onto the surface

A

Exocrine

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29
Q

-Most abundant tissue type; typically found between other tissues
-Diverse functions that vary by specific tissue type
-Has good blood supply; exception: cartilage is avascular

A

Connective Tissue

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30
Q

Two basic elements of connective tissue

A

extracellular matrix and cells

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31
Q

present in several tissues

A

Fibroblasts

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32
Q

formed from monocytes

A

Macrophages

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33
Q

develop from B lymphocytes

A

Plasma cells

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34
Q

Secrete fibers

A

Fibroblasts

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35
Q

Engulf bacteria and cell debris by phagocytosis

A

Macrophages

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36
Q

Make antibodies

A

Plasma cells

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37
Q
  • near blood cells
  • Part of an inflammatory reaction: produce histamine that dilates blood vessels
A

Mast cells

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38
Q
  • fat cells or adipose cells
  • Store triglycerides (fat) for energy and provide protection
A

Adipocytes

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39
Q

in response to certain conditions they migrate from blood into connective tissues.

A

White blood cells

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40
Q

gather at sites of infection, phagocytosis

A

neutrophils

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41
Q

antibody production

A

lymphoctes

42
Q

largest WBC, phagocytosis

A

monocytes

43
Q

impt. in parasitic invasion, allergic response

A

eosinophils

44
Q

contain histamine, hypersensitivity rxn

A

basophils

45
Q

Embryonic connective tissues

A

Mesenchyme
Mucous connective tissue

46
Q

forms almost all other types of
connective tissue

A

Mesenchyme

47
Q

umbilical cord of fetus, support

A

Mucous connective tissue

48
Q

Mature connective tissues

A

Loose connective tissues
Dense connective tissues
Cartilage
Bone tissue
Liquid connective tissue

49
Q

Classification of Connective Tissues

A

Embryonic connective tissues
Mature connective tissues

50
Q

called “packing material” of the body. Provide strength, elasticity, support

A

Areola Connective Tissue

51
Q

derived from fibroblasts (adipocytes), reduces heat loss & serves as an energy reserve.

A

Adipose Tissue

52
Q

forms stroma (supporting network)of organs, removes worn-out blood cells in spleen and microbes in lymph nodes.

A

Reticular Connective Tissue

53
Q

forms tendons, most ligaments, and aponeuroses. Provides strong attachment between various structures

A

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

54
Q

provides tensile (pulling) strength in many directions.

A

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

55
Q

predominantly elastic fibers with fibroblasts, allows stretching of various organs.

A

Elastic Connective Tissue

56
Q
  • Dense network of collagen and elastic fibers embedded in chondroitin sulfate
  • Stronger than dense fibrous connective tissue
A

CARTILAGE

57
Q
  • Has no blood vessels or nerves
  • Surrounded by perichondrium- source of new cartilage cells
  • a support tissue in the body & precursor to bone
A

CARTILAGE

58
Q

Types of Cartilage

A

Hyaline
Fibrocartilage
Elastic

59
Q
  • appears clear because fibers are not easily visible
  • Example: at ends of long bones, fetal skeleton
A

Hyaline

60
Q
  • fibers visible
  • Strongest type
  • Example: vertebral discs, knee cartilages (menisci)
A

Fibrocartilage

61
Q
  • chondrocytes in threadlike elastic network
  • Example: ear cartilage
A

Elastic

62
Q

*Most abundant & the weakest type of cartilage.
*Provides smooth surfaces for movement at joints, flexibility,

A

Hyaline Cartilage

63
Q

Support and joining structures together. Strongest type of cartilage.

A

Fibrocartilage

64
Q

Provides strength and elasticity; maintains shape of certain structures.

A

Elastic Cartilage

65
Q
  • Forms most of the skeleton
  • Supports, protects, and allows movements; site of blood formation and storage of minerals
  • Dense matrix made rigid by calcium and phosphorus salts
A

Osseous Tissue

66
Q

basic unit is osteon or haversian sys

A

compact

67
Q

lacks osteons. Consists of columns of bone called trabeculae

A

spongy

68
Q

found within blood vessels

A

Blood

69
Q

found within lymph vessels

A

Lymph

70
Q

line body cavities and passageways open to the exterior

A

Mucous membranes

71
Q

line closed cavities
and surrounds organs located there

A

Serous membranes

72
Q

Secretemucus

A

Mucous membranes

73
Q

lubricates food as it moves through the GIT. Secretes some enzymes needed for digestion.

A

Mucous membrane

74
Q

serous fluid (watery lubricant ) that allows organs to glide easily over one another or to slide against the walls of cavities.

A

Serous membrane

75
Q

Body Membranes: Four Types

A

Cutaneous membranes
Synovial membranes
Mucous membranes
Serous membranes

76
Q

line cavities of
most joints

A

Synovial membranes

77
Q

Synovial fluid lubricates and nourishes the cartilage covering the bones at movable joints, contains macrophages that remove microbes

A

Synovial Membranes

78
Q
  • consist of elongated cells called muscle fibers or myocytes
  • Functions
    -Motion, posture, heat production, protection.
A

MUSCULAR TISSUE

79
Q

3 types of muscular tissue

A

Skeletal muscle
Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle

80
Q

pulls on bones allowing body
movements

A

Skeletal muscle

81
Q

forms wall of heart; pumps blood through blood vessels

A

Cardiac muscle

82
Q

walls of hollow organs such as stomach and bladder

A

Smooth muscle

83
Q

Similar to testosterone taken to increase muscle size by increasing the synthesis of proteins in muscle = increasing strength.

A

Anabolic Steroids

84
Q

injected deep into the muscle, past the dermis and SQ.

A

Intramuscal Route (IM) of Administration

85
Q

Medications commonly given by IM route

A

Antibiotics
Biologicals
Hormonal agents

86
Q

Pen G benzathine, streptomycin

A

Antibiotics

87
Q

Ig, vaccines, toxoids

A

Biologicals

88
Q

testosterone, medroxyprogesterone

A

Hormonal agents

89
Q

upper outer quadrant within the buttocks

A

Dorsogluteal Region

90
Q

the drug is injected into the triangle formed by the index, middle finger, and the iliac crest

A

Ventrogluteal Region

91
Q

2.5 to 5 cm below the acromion process

A

Deltoid

92
Q

middle third of the line joining the greater trochanter of the femur and the lateral femoral condyle of the knee

A

Vastus Lateralis

93
Q

Most Common Sites in Giving IM injections

A

Dorsogluteal Region
Ventrogluteal Region
Deltoid
Vastus Lateralis

94
Q

conduct nerve impulses

A

Nervous Tissue

95
Q

Types of cells (nervous tissue)

A

Neurons
Neuroglia

96
Q

convertstimuliintonerve impulses (action potentials), and conduct them

A

Neurons

97
Q

do not generate nerve impulses, but serve supportive functions

A

Neuroglia

98
Q
  • New cells from stroma or parenchyma
  • Epithelial cells originate from stem cells in defined areas of tissue layer
  • Bone regenerates readily, cartilage poorly
  • Muscular tissue can replace cells but slowly
A

Tissue Repair

99
Q

poorest at replacement although some stem cells seem to be available

A

Nerve tissue

100
Q

Factors Affecting Tissue Repair

A

Nutrition (protein, Vit.)
Blood circulation
Age

HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY (11 decks)

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