Tissue level of Organization Flashcards
(100 cards)
1
Q
Groups of cells with common embryonic origin and functions
A
Tissues
2
Q
is the science that deals with the
study of tissues
A
Histology
3
Q
4 basic types of tissue
A
Epithelial
Connective
Muscular
Nervous
4
Q
Cells lie close together in continuous sheets with little extracellular material
A
Epithelial Tissue
5
Q
- Cover surfaces and line cavities; always a free (apical) surface
- Forms glands
A
Epithelial Tissue
6
Q
- Has no blood vessels (is avascular)
- Has a nerve supply
- Has a high capacity for cell division
A
Epithelial Tissue
7
Q
Arrangement of cells in layers
A
Simple epithelium: 1 layer of cells
Stratified Epithelium: more than 1 layer of cells
8
Q
more than 1 layer of cells
A
Stratified Epithelium
9
Q
1 layer of cells
A
Simple epithelium
10
Q
Cell Shapes
A
Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar
Transitional (change shape)
11
Q
- Important for filtration (kidneys) or diffusion (lungs, capillaries)
- Called endothelium when lining heart, blood and lymphatic vessels
- Called mesothelium when in serous membranes
A
Simple Epithelium
12
Q
single layer of flat cells
A
Simple Squamous Epithelium
13
Q
- Single layer of cube-shaped cells; round, centrally located nucleus.
- Covers surface of ovary; anterior surface of lens of the eye; forms pigmented epithelium at posterior surface of retina of the eye, lines kidney tubules and smaller ducts of many glands; secreting portion of some glands
- Function: Secretion and absorption.
A
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
14
Q
Cube-shaped cells, rounded nuclei
A
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
15
Q
Noncilated
A
Simple Columnar Epithelium
16
Q
Cilated
A
Simple Columnar Epithelium
17
Q
Appears stratified; nuclei at various levels
A
Pseudostratified Columnar
18
Q
- Apical layer cells are flat
- Deep layers vary from cuboidal to columnar
- Cells in the basal layer divide and move upward toward apical surface
- Found in areas of surface wear and tear
A
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
19
Q
develops tough layer of keratin in apical layer
A
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
20
Q
does not contain large amounts of keratin, constantly moistened by mucus
A
Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
21
Q
Keratinized (dead) surface cells
A
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
22
Q
Rare
A
Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
23
Q
Variable in appearance; cells can stretch
A
Transitional Epithelium
24
Q
Main function is secretion
A
Glandular Epithelium
25
may consist of a single cell or a group of cells that secrete substances into ducts (tubes), onto a surface, or into the blood.
Gland
26
Glands classification
Endocrine
Exocrine
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hormones
Endocrine
28
secrete products into ducts that empty onto the surface
Exocrine
29
-Most abundant tissue type; typically found between other tissues
-Diverse functions that vary by specific tissue type
-Has good blood supply; exception: cartilage is avascular
Connective Tissue
30
Two basic elements of connective tissue
extracellular matrix and cells
31
present in several tissues
Fibroblasts
32
formed from monocytes
Macrophages
33
develop from B lymphocytes
Plasma cells
34
Secrete fibers
Fibroblasts
35
Engulf bacteria and cell debris by phagocytosis
Macrophages
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Make antibodies
Plasma cells
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- near blood cells
- Part of an inflammatory reaction: produce histamine that dilates blood vessels
Mast cells
38
- fat cells or adipose cells
- Store triglycerides (fat) for energy and provide protection
Adipocytes
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in response to certain conditions they migrate from blood into connective tissues.
White blood cells
40
gather at sites of infection, phagocytosis
neutrophils
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antibody production
lymphoctes
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largest WBC, phagocytosis
monocytes
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impt. in parasitic invasion, allergic response
eosinophils
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contain histamine, hypersensitivity rxn
basophils
45
Embryonic connective tissues
Mesenchyme
Mucous connective tissue
46
forms almost all other types of
connective tissue
Mesenchyme
47
umbilical cord of fetus, support
Mucous connective tissue
48
Mature connective tissues
Loose connective tissues
Dense connective tissues
Cartilage
Bone tissue
Liquid connective tissue
49
Classification of Connective Tissues
Embryonic connective tissues
Mature connective tissues
50
called “packing material” of the body. Provide strength, elasticity, support
Areola Connective Tissue
51
derived from fibroblasts (adipocytes), reduces heat loss & serves as an energy reserve.
Adipose Tissue
52
forms stroma (supporting network)of organs, removes worn-out blood cells in spleen and microbes in lymph nodes.
Reticular Connective Tissue
53
forms tendons, most ligaments, and aponeuroses. Provides strong attachment between various structures
Dense Regular Connective Tissue
54
provides tensile (pulling) strength in many directions.
Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
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predominantly elastic fibers with fibroblasts, allows stretching of various organs.
Elastic Connective Tissue
56
- Dense network of collagen and elastic fibers embedded in chondroitin sulfate
- Stronger than dense fibrous connective tissue
CARTILAGE
57
- Has no blood vessels or nerves
- Surrounded by perichondrium- source of new cartilage cells
- a support tissue in the body & precursor to bone
CARTILAGE
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Types of Cartilage
Hyaline
Fibrocartilage
Elastic
59
- appears clear because fibers are not easily visible
- Example: at ends of long bones, fetal skeleton
Hyaline
60
- fibers visible
- Strongest type
- Example: vertebral discs, knee cartilages (menisci)
Fibrocartilage
61
- chondrocytes in threadlike elastic network
- Example: ear cartilage
Elastic
62
*Most abundant & the weakest type of cartilage.
*Provides smooth surfaces for movement at joints, flexibility,
Hyaline Cartilage
63
Support and joining structures together. Strongest type of cartilage.
Fibrocartilage
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Provides strength and elasticity; maintains shape of certain structures.
Elastic Cartilage
65
- Forms most of the skeleton
- Supports, protects, and allows movements; site of blood formation and storage of minerals
- Dense matrix made rigid by calcium and phosphorus salts
Osseous Tissue
66
basic unit is osteon or haversian sys
compact
67
lacks osteons. Consists of columns of bone called trabeculae
spongy
68
found within blood vessels
Blood
69
found within lymph vessels
Lymph
70
line body cavities and passageways open to the exterior
Mucous membranes
71
line closed cavities
and surrounds organs located there
Serous membranes
72
Secretemucus
Mucous membranes
73
lubricates food as it moves through the GIT. Secretes some enzymes needed for digestion.
Mucous membrane
74
serous fluid (watery lubricant ) that allows organs to glide easily over one another or to slide against the walls of cavities.
Serous membrane
75
Body Membranes: Four Types
Cutaneous membranes
Synovial membranes
Mucous membranes
Serous membranes
76
line cavities of
most joints
Synovial membranes
77
Synovial fluid lubricates and nourishes the cartilage covering the bones at movable joints, contains macrophages that remove microbes
Synovial Membranes
78
- consist of elongated cells called muscle fibers or myocytes
- Functions
-Motion, posture, heat production, protection.
MUSCULAR TISSUE
79
3 types of muscular tissue
Skeletal muscle
Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle
80
pulls on bones allowing body
movements
Skeletal muscle
81
forms wall of heart; pumps blood through blood vessels
Cardiac muscle
82
walls of hollow organs such as stomach and bladder
Smooth muscle
83
Similar to testosterone taken to increase muscle size by increasing the synthesis of proteins in muscle = increasing strength.
Anabolic Steroids
84
injected deep into the muscle, past the dermis and SQ.
Intramuscal Route (IM) of Administration
85
Medications commonly given by IM route
Antibiotics
Biologicals
Hormonal agents
86
Pen G benzathine, streptomycin
Antibiotics
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Ig, vaccines, toxoids
Biologicals
88
testosterone, medroxyprogesterone
Hormonal agents
89
upper outer quadrant within the buttocks
Dorsogluteal Region
90
the drug is injected into the triangle formed by the index, middle finger, and the iliac crest
Ventrogluteal Region
91
2.5 to 5 cm below the acromion process
Deltoid
92
middle third of the line joining the greater trochanter of the femur and the lateral femoral condyle of the knee
Vastus Lateralis
93
Most Common Sites in Giving IM injections
Dorsogluteal Region
Ventrogluteal Region
Deltoid
Vastus Lateralis
94
conduct nerve impulses
Nervous Tissue
95
Types of cells (nervous tissue)
Neurons
Neuroglia
96
convertstimuliintonerve impulses (action potentials), and conduct them
Neurons
97
do not generate nerve impulses, but serve supportive functions
Neuroglia
98
- New cells from stroma or parenchyma
- Epithelial cells originate from stem cells in defined areas of tissue layer
- Bone regenerates readily, cartilage poorly
- Muscular tissue can replace cells but slowly
Tissue Repair
99
poorest at replacement although some stem cells seem to be available
Nerve tissue
100
Factors Affecting Tissue Repair
Nutrition (protein, Vit.)
Blood circulation
Age
