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HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY > the nervous tissue > Flashcards

the nervous tissue Flashcards

1
Q

deals with normal functioning and disorders of the nervous system.

A

Neurology

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2
Q

neurons enclosed within skull

A

brain

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3
Q

bundles of many axons of neurons

A

nerves

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4
Q

connects to brain and enclosed
within spinal cavity

A

Spinal cord

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5
Q

groups of neuron cell bodies located outside of brain and spinal cord

A

Ganglia

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6
Q

a physician who diagnoses and treats disorders of the nervous system.

A

Neurologist

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7
Q

one of the smallest and yet the most complex of the 11 body systems

A

nervous system

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8
Q

(12 pairs) emerge from brain

A

cranial nerves

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9
Q

(31 pairs) emerge from spinal cord

A

Spinal nerves

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10
Q

networks in digestive tract

A

Enteric plexuses

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11
Q

monitor changes in internal or external environments

A

Sensory receptors

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12
Q

Functions of the Nervous system

A

Sensory (input)
Integration (process)
Motor activity (output)

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13
Q

Carry information into brain and spinal cord

A

Sensory

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14
Q

Analyzing and storing information to help lead to appropriate responses

A

Integration

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15
Q

awareness of sensory input

A

perception

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16
Q

Signals to muscles and glands (effectors)

A

Motor activity

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17
Q

Structural Classes of Neuron

A

Multipolar
Bipolar
Unipolar

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18
Q

Organization of the Nervous System

A

Central nervous system (CNS)
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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19
Q

Divisions of Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

Somatic (SNS)
Autonomic (ANS) nervous systems
Enteric nervous system (ENS)

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20
Q

HISTOLOGY OF NERVOUS TISSUE
Two cell types

A

Neurons
Neuroglia cells

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21
Q

Parts of a Neuron

A

Cell body (perikaryon or soma)
Dendrites
Axon

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22
Q

Functional Classes of Neuron

A

Sensory (afferent)
Motor (efferent)
Interneurons (association neurons)

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23
Q

Neuroglia of the CNS (4 types)

A

Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia.
Ependymal cells

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24
Q

Structures of the Nervous System

A

Brain
Spinal cord
Nerves
Ganglia
Enteric plexuses
Sensory receptors

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25
Q

nervous system have mass of _____ and total body weight of ______

A

2 kg (4.5 lb), about 3%

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26
Q

100 billion neurons

A

brain

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27
Q

100 millionneurons

A

spinal cord

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28
Q

> all nervous system structures outside of the CNS
-includes nerves, ganglia, enteric plexuses, and sensory receptors

A

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

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29
Q

source of thoughts, emotions, and memories. and signals that stimulate muscles to contract and glands to secrete

A

Central Nervous System (CNS)

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30
Q

Can respond to stimuli and convert stimuli toelectrical signals (nerve impulses or actionpotentials) that travel along neurons

A

Neurons

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31
Q

support, nourish, and protect neurons
critical for homeostasis of interstitial fluid around neurons
continues to divide throughout an individual’s lifetime

A

Neuroglia cells

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32
Q

nucleus, cytoplasmwith typical organelles

A

Cell body

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33
Q

highly branched structures that carryimpulses to the cell body
> receiving or input portions of a neuron

A

Dendrites

34
Q

conducts away from cell body toward another neuron, muscle or gland

A

Axon

35
Q

contain synaptic vesicles that can releaseneurotransmitters

A

Axon terminals

36
Q

> Have several or many dendrites and one axon
Most common type in brain and spinal cord

A

Multipolar

37
Q

> Have one dendrite and one axon
Example: in retina of eye and inner ear

A

Bipolar

38
Q

> Have fused dendrite and axon
Sensory neurons of spinal nerves

A

Unipolar

39
Q

forms an action potential in its axon and theaction potential is conveyed into the CNS through cranial orspinal nerves. (unipolar)

A

Sensory (afferent)

40
Q

convey action potentials away from the CNS to effectors (muscles and glands) in the periphery (PNS)through cranial or spinal nerves. (multipolar)

A

Motor (efferent)

41
Q

integrate (process) incoming sensory information from sensory neurons and then elicit a motor response by activating the appropriate motor neurons. (multipolar)

A

Interneurons (association neurons)

42
Q

Cells smaller but much more numerous than neurons

A

Neuroglia

43
Q

brain tumors derived from neuroglia

A

gliomas

44
Q

> Do not conduct nerve impulses
Do support, nourish and protect neurons

A

Neuroglia

45
Q

Neuroglia of the CNS (4 types)

A

Astrocytes, Oligodendrocytes, Microglia, and Ependymal cells

46
Q

help form blood brain barrier

A

Astrocytes

47
Q

Two types of Astrocytes

A

> Protoplasmic astrocytes
-have many short branchingprocesses and are found in gray matter.

> Fibrous astrocytes
-have many long unbranched processesand are located mainly in white matter.

48
Q

produce myelin in CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes

49
Q

protect CNS cells from disease
> function as phagocytes

A

Microglia

50
Q

form CSF in ventricles

A

Ependymal cells

51
Q

important for rapid signal conduction

A

nodes

52
Q

Axons covered with a myelin sheath
> Many layers of lipid and protein: insulates neurons
> Increases speed of nerve conduction
> Appears white (in white matter)

A

Myelination

53
Q

bundle of axons in PNS

A

nerve

54
Q

bundle to axons in CNS

A

tract

55
Q

cluster of cell bodies in CNS

A

nucleus

56
Q

cluster of cell bodies in PNS

A

ganglion

57
Q

Clusters of neuron cell bodies

A

Ganglion
Nucleus

58
Q

Bundles of axons

A

Nerve
&
Tract

59
Q

cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, axon terminals, neuroglia

A

Gray matter

60
Q

primarily myelinated axons

A

White matter

61
Q

Locations of gray and white matter

A

Spinal cord: white matter
Brain: gray matter

62
Q

can be repaired if cell body is intact and Schwann cells functional

A

Regeneration of PNS neurons

63
Q

Very limited even if cell body is intact

A

Regeneration of CNS neurons

64
Q

a charge difference across cell membrane (polarization)

A

membrane potential

65
Q

allow ions to move by diffusion from high to low concentration

A

Ion channels

66
Q

four types of ion channels

A

> leak channels
ligand-gated channels
mechanically gated channels
voltage-gated channels

67
Q

allow ions to leak through membrane

A

Leakage channels

68
Q

opens and closes in response to the binding of a ligand (chemical) stimulus

A

Ligand-gated channel

69
Q

opens or closes in response to mechanical stimulation in the form of vibration (such as sound waves), touch, pressure, or tissue stretching.

A

Mechanically gated channel

70
Q

Resting Membrane Potential

A

-70mV

70
Q

opens in response to a change in membrane potential (voltage). Participate in the generation and conduction of action potentials in the axons of all types of neurons.

A

voltage-gated channel

71
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Biogenic Amines
Acetylcholine (ACh)
Neuropeptides
Amino acids
Nitric oxide (NO)

72
Q

on cardiac muscle

A

inhibitory

73
Q

on skeletal muscles

A

stimulatory

74
Q

Types of Conduction Nerve Impulses

A

Continuous conduction
> In unmyelinated fibers; a slower form of conduction

Saltatory conduction
> In myelinated fibers; faster as impulses “leap” between nodes of Ranvier

75
Q

rest-and-digest

A

Parasympathetic

76
Q

“fight-or-flight” or “fight-fright-flight”

A

Sympathetic

77
Q

Sensory neurons from head, body wall, limbs, specialsense organs

A

Somatic (SNS)

78
Q

Sensory neurons from viscera

A

Autonomic (ANS)

79
Q

> “brain of the gut”
govern contraction of GI tract smooth muscle to propel food, secretions of the GI tract organs such as acid from the stomach, and activity of GI tract endocrine cells, which secrete hormones(involuntary

A

Enteric (ENS)

HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY (11 decks)

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