The Cardiovascular System: The Heart

Question 1

Heart Wall

Answer 1

Epicardium - outer layer
Myocardium - cardiac muscle
Endocardium - thin layer of endothelium

Question 2

heart wall outer layer

Answer 2

epicardium

Question 3

• thin layer of endothelium
  -provides a smooth lining for the chambers of the
  heart and covers the valves of the heart.

Answer 3

Endocardium

Question 4

an inflammation of the myocardium that usually occurs as a complication of a viral infection, rheumatic fever, or exposure to radiation or certain chemicals or medications.

Answer 4

Myocarditis

Question 5

refers to an inflammation of the endocardium and typically involves the heart valves. Most cases are caused by bacteria (bacterial endocarditis).

Answer 5

Endocarditis

Question 6

intravenous antibiotics

Answer 6

Tx

Question 7

2 upper chambers

Answer 7

Atria

Question 8

2 lower chambers

Answer 8

ventricles

Question 9

receive blood from blood vessels returning blood to the heart, called veins

Answer 9

Atria

Question 10

eject the blood from the heart into blood
vessels called arteries

Answer 10

Ventricles

Question 11

thin partition between the right left atrium

Answer 11

interatrial septum

Question 12

blood passes from the right atrium into the right ventricle

Answer 12

Tricuspid valve

Question 13

A prominent feature of interatrial septum is an oval depression

Answer 13

fossa ovalis

Question 14

Forms the right border of the heart and receives blood from three veins: the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus.

Answer 14

Right Atrium

Question 15

three veins

Answer 15

the superior vena cava,
inferior vena cava, and
coronary sinus.

Question 16

forms most of the anterior surface of the heart.

Answer 16

Right ventricle

Question 17

inside of the right ventricle contains a series of ridges formed by raised bundles of cardiac muscle fibers called

Answer 17

Trabeculae

Question 18

separate right ventricle from the left ventricle

Answer 18

interventricular septum

Question 19

receives blood from the lungs through four pulmonary veins.

Answer 19

Left atrium

Question 20

the thickest chamber of the heart, averaging 10–15 mm

Answer 20

Left ventricle

Question 21

Depolarize spontaneously

Answer 21

pacemaker

Question 22

Fastest one run runs the heart

Answer 22

pacemaker

Question 23

a device that sends out small electrical currents to stimulate the heart to contract.

Answer 23

artificial pacemaker

Question 24

consists of a battery and impulse generator and is usually implanted beneath the skin just inferior to the clavicle.

Answer 24

pacemaker

Question 25

if the pacing rate is so slow (20–35 bpm) that blood flow to the brain is

Answer 25

inadequate

Question 26

Recording of currents from cardiac conduction on skin

Answer 26

electrocardiogram

Question 27

a composite record of action potentials produced by all the heart muscle fibers during each heartbeat.

Answer 27

ECG electrocardiogram

Question 28

3 waves

Answer 28

P wave = represents atrial depolarization QRS complex = rapid ventricular depolarization T-wave = ventricular repolarization

Question 29

represents atrial depolarization

Answer 29

P wave

Question 30

rapid ventricular depolarization

Answer 30

QRS complex

Question 31

ventricular repolarization

Answer 31

T-wave

Question 32

adheres tightly to heart

Answer 32

Inner visceral layer

Question 33

fused to fibrous pericardium

Answer 33

Parietal layer

Question 34

Inelastic and anchors heart in place

Answer 34

Fibrous pericardium

Question 35

Designed to prevent back flow in responseto pressure changes

Answer 35

Valves

Question 36

scar formation or a congenitaldefect causes narrowing of the mitral valve.

Answer 36

mitral stenosis

Question 37

narrowing of a heart valve opening that restrictsblood flow

Answer 37

stenosis

Question 38

backflow of blood fromthe left ventricle into the left atrium

Answer 38

Mitral valve prolapse (MVP)

Question 39

aortic valve is narrowed, and inaortic insufficiency there is backflow of blood from theaorta into the left ventricle.

Answer 39

aortic stenosis

Question 40

acute systemic inflammatory disease that usually occurs after a streptococcal infection of the throat.

Answer 40

Rheumatic fever

Question 41

Recording of currents from cardiac conduction on skin

Answer 41

electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG)

Question 42

indicate enlargement of an atrium

Answer 42

Larger P waves

Question 43

may indicate a myocardial infarction

Answer 43

Enlarged Q wave

Question 44

generally indicates enlarged ventricles.

Answer 44

Enlarged R wave

Question 45

lengthens in coronary artery disease and rheumatic fever

Answer 45

P–Q interval

Question 46

elevated in acute myocardialinfarction and depressed when the heart musclereceives insufficient oxygen

Answer 46

S–T segment

Question 47

may be lengthened by myocardial damage, myocardial ischemia (decreased blood flow), or conduction abnormalities.

Answer 47

Q–T interval

Question 48

includes all the events associated with one heartbeat.

Answer 48

single cardiac cycle

Question 49

consists of systole and diastole ofthe atria plus systole and diastole of the ventricles.

Answer 49

cardiac cycle

Question 50

lasts about 0.1 sec, the atria are contracting (P -wave). The ventricles are relaxed(diastole).

Answer 50

atrial systole

Question 51

lasts about 0.3 sec, the ventricles are contracting. The atria are relaxed in (atrial diastole).

Answer 51

ventricular systole

Question 52

the volume ejected per beatfrom each ventricle

Answer 52

Stroke volume

Question 53

the volume of blood ejectedfrom the left ventricle (or the right ventricle) into theaorta (or pulmonary trunk) each minute.

Answer 53

Cardiac output (CO)

Question 54

Three factors regulate SV (Stroke Volume)

Answer 54

preload, contractility, afterload,

Question 55

the degree of stretch on the heart before it contracts

Answer 55

preload

Question 56

the forcefulness of contraction of individual ventricular muscle fibers;

Answer 56

contractility

Question 57

the pressure that must be exceeded before ejection of blood from the ventricles can occur

Answer 57

afterload

Question 58

substances that increase contractility

Answer 58

positive inotropic agents

Question 59

decrease contractility

Answer 59

negative inotropic agents

Question 60

reduce Ca2+ inflow

Answer 60

Calcium channel blockers

Question 61

ACh slows

Answer 61

Parasympathetic

Question 62

Norepinephrine speeds

Answer 62

Sympathetic

Question 63

loss of pumping efficiency by the heart

Answer 63

Congestive Heart Failure

Question 64

Causes of Congestive Heart Failure

Answer 64

coronary artery disease, congenital defects,long-term high blood pressure, myocardial infarctions,and valve disorders.

Question 64

Two important functions of Conduction System

Answer 64

they act as a pacemaker they form the cardiac conduction system,

Question 64

Blood flow through vessels in myocardium

Answer 64

coronary circulation