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HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY > The Cardiovascular System: Blood > Flashcards

The Cardiovascular System: Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of blood

A

Transportation
Regulation
Protection
Defense

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2
Q

blood Transports

A

water,
gases,
nutrients,
hormones,
enzymes,
electrolytes,
wastes,
heat

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3
Q

blood Regulates

A

pH, temperature, water balance

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4
Q

Blood Protects

A

blood clotting

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5
Q

Blood defense:

A

phagocytic cells,
interferons,
complement

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6
Q

A connective tissue with components readilyseen when blood is centrifuged

A

Composition

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7
Q

soluble materials (mostly water); lighter so at top of tube

A

Plasma(~55%)

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8
Q

cells (heavier so at bottom of tube)

A

Formed elements (~45%)

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9
Q

Percent of blood occupied by RBCs

A

hematocrit (Hct)

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10
Q

Normal hematocrit value

A

42-47%

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11
Q

hematocrit value of Females

A

38 to 46%

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12
Q

hematocrit value of males

A

40 to 54%

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13
Q

site of white blood cells (WBCs), platelets

A

Buffy coat

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14
Q

Plasma: Liquid Portion of Blood

A

Water: 91.5%
Plasma proteins: 7%
Other: 1.5%

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15
Q

Plasma proteins 7% (Liquid Portion of Blood)

A

Albumin (54%): function in osmosis; carriers
Globulins (38%): serve as antibodies
Fibrinogen (7%): important in clotting

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16
Q

Others 1.5% (Liquid Portion of Blood)

A

Electrolytes, nutrients, gases, hormones,vitamins, waste products

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17
Q

Formed Elements

A

Red Blood Cells (RBCs)
White blood cells (WBCs)
Platelets

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18
Q

Granular leukocytes

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

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19
Q

Agranular leukocytes

A

Lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cells
Monocytes

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20
Q

Blood samples for laboratory testing may be obtained in several ways:

A

Venipuncture
Finger or heel stick

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21
Q

withdrawal of blood from a vein using aneedle and collecting tube.

A

Venipuncture

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22
Q

in an arterial stick, blood is with drawn from an artery; this test is used to determine the level of oxygen in oxygenated blood.

A

Finger or heel stick

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23
Q

common site for venipuncture.

A

median cubital vein anterior to the elbow

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24
Q

Myeloid stem cells à all other WBCs, all RBCs,and platelets

A

in red bone marrow

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25
Q

Lymphoid stem cells à lymphocytes

A

in lymphatic tissues

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26
Q

Called hemopoiesis or hematopoiesis
Occurs throughout life

A

Formation of Blood Cells

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27
Q

Carries 98.5% of O2 and 23% of CO2

A

Hemoglobin (red pigment)

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28
Q

RBC count

A

about 5 million/μl

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29
Q

RBC count Male

A

5.4 million cells/μl

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30
Q

RBC count female

A

4.8 million/μl

31
Q

Cleared by macrophages (liver and spleen)

A

RBC Recycling

32
Q

Globin -> amino acids recycled forms

A

proteins

33
Q

Carried in blood by transferrin (“protein escort” of Fe)
Recycled in bone marrow for forming synthesis of new hemoglobin; proteins and vitamin B1

A

Fe

34
Q

Bilirubin to liver -> bile -> helps absorb fats
Intestinal bacteria convert bilirubin into other chemicals that exit in feces (stercobilin) or urine (urobilin)

A

Non-Fe portion of heme àbiliverdin à bilirubin

35
Q

Develop from myeloid stem cells in redmarrow

A

Erythropoiesis

36
Q

Signs of lower-than-normal RBC count

A

changes in skin, mucous membranes, and finger nail beds

37
Q

bluish color

A

Cyanosis

38
Q

pale color

A

Anemia

39
Q

lymphocytes, monocytes

A

Agranular

40
Q

Two major classes based on presence orabsence of granules (vesicles)

A

Granular
Agranular

41
Q

neutrophils, eosinophils,basophils

A

Granular

42
Q

first responders to infection

A

Neutrophils

43
Q

Known as wandering macrophages

A

Monocytes -> macrophages (“big eaters”)

44
Q

Phagocytose antibody-antigen complexes
Help suppress inflammation or allergic reactions
Respond to parasitic infections

A

Eosinophils

45
Q

Intensify inflammatory responses and allergic reactions
Release chemicals that dilate blood vessels: histamine and serotonin; also heparin(anticoagulant)

A

Basophils

46
Q

White Blood Cell Functions

A

Basophils
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Monocytes -> macrophages
Lymphocytes

47
Q

Release chemicals that dilate blood vessels

A

histamine and serotonin; also heparin(anticoagulant)

48
Q

Three types of lymphocytes

A

T cellsn
B cells
Natural killer (NK) cells

49
Q

Play major roles in immune responses

A

lymphocytes

49
Q

respond to foreign substances called antigens and differentiate into plasma cells that produce antibodies. Antibodies attach to and inactivate the antigens.

A

B lymphocytes

50
Q

directly attack microbes.

A

T lymphocytes

51
Q

Called “self-identity markers” “cell identitymarker”

A

Major histocompatibility (MHC) antigens

52
Q

high WBC count in response toinfection, exercise, surgery

A

Leukocytosis

53
Q

low WBC count

A

Leukopenia

54
Q

measures % ofWBCs made up of each of the 5 types

A

Differential WBC count

54
Q

Myeloid stem cells > megakaryocytes > 2000–3000 fragments =

A

platelets

54
Q

WBC Life Span

A

typically a few hours to days

55
Q

Functions of platelets

A

Plug damaged blood vessels
Promote blood clotting

56
Q

Life span of platelets

A

5–9 days

57
Q

Normal count of platelets

A

150,000-400,000/μl blood

58
Q

replacement of cancerous or abnormal red bone marrow with healthy red bone marrow in order to establish normal blood cell counts.

A

Bone marrow transplant

58
Q

valuable test that screens for anemia andvarious infections

A

CBC (Complete Blood Count)

59
Q

Disease where T cells attack the recipient’s tissues

A

graft-versus-host disease

59
Q

stem cells obtainedfrom the umbilical cord shortly after birth

A

Cord-blood transplant

60
Q

Response to damage
Quick reduction of blood loss

A

Vascular spasm

61
Q

Platelets become sticky when contact damaged vessel wall

A

Platelet plug formation

62
Q

Series of chemical reactions involving clotting factors >

A

Blood clotting (coagulation)

63
Q

Sequence of events to avoid hemorrhage

A

Vascular spasm
Platelet plug formation
Blood clotting (coagulation)

64
Q

Common pathway: 3 major steps in blood clotting

A

Prothrombinase ->
Prothrombin -> thrombin
Fibrinogen -> fibrin -> clot

65
Q

Materials “intrinsic” to blood > 1 > 2 > 3

A

Intrinsic Pathway

66
Q

Tissue factor(TF) from damaged cells 1 > 2 > 3

A

Extrinsic pathway

67
Q

Pulls sides of wound together

A

retraction

68
Q
A

HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY (11 decks)

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